UNITED NATIONS
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
a glossary of
COMMON
development terms
Version 2.1
Ha Noi, April
2003
FOREWORD
Development in Viet Nam Viet
Nam
This Glossary
has over 1,500 English main entries and nearly 1,000 derivative or associated
words which can be classified into four broad groups: (i) concepts which are
often used by development partners (e.g. capacity building, institutional
development, sustainable development); (ii) concepts for which Vietnamese
equivalents are not yet widely recognized (e.g. downstream, upstream,
governance, human development); (iii) concepts which have special contexts
(e.g. Capacity 21, Agenda 21, 20:20 Initiative) or common terms which have
however evolved in meaning over time (e.g. result, outcome, participation); and
(iv) names of major development agencies (e.g. ADB, SIDA, World Bank), and
international conventions on current development issues (e.g. Convention on the
Rights of the Child, Convention on Biological Diversity). The English entries
not only have Vietnamese equivalents but, in many cases, are also supported by
definitions, explanations or examples in order to provide exact meanings and/or
clarify contextual meanings. The Glossary is therefore more than a simple list
of English concepts and their Vietnamese equivalents. It is in fact meant to
serve as a modest repository of development knowledge to be shared among users.
The first
version of this Glossary was launched for internal use within UNDP in May 2001
and formally posted on the UNDP website in April 2002. This current version has
been refined and
upgraded and
contains new terms and an easier presentational format. However, given the
extremely rich
and evolving nature of development knowledge, the Glossary is far from a
comprehensive
or perfect publication, nor is it intended to be one. Instead, it should be
seen as a
living
reference material which requires regular updating if it is to continue to
serve as a useful
working tool
for Vietnamese and other development practitioners. Therefore, the inputs and
suggestions of
all users are most welcome. Such contributions can be sent either to the United
Nations
Development Programme, through registry@undp.org.vn, or directly to Mr. Phan
Duc
Thang at
ducthang@undp.org.vn.
Ha Noi, 16 April 2003
Jordan Ryan
Resident Representative
UNDP - Viet Nam
TECHNICAL NOTES
The entries in
this glossary begin on Page 1 and continue in an alphabetical order from A to
W. The entries are printed in heavy bold letters. The left-hand words, for
example (Employment, Enrolment) are main entries and determine the alphabetical
order. Those following these words are derivative words which are derived from
the main entries and which denote associated concepts. A derivative entry may
be followed by a tilde ( ~ ) mark, for example (Full ~ : Cã viÖc lµm ®Çy ®ñ) or
proceeded by the same mark, for example (~ generation: T¹o viÖc lµm). In some
cases, it may be placed between other words, for example (Net ~ ratio: Tû lÖ ®i
häc ®óng tuæi).
A main entry or
a derivative entry can be a noun (n), a verb (v) or an adjective (adj). It may
have one or more than one Vietnamese equivalent term. It may be supported by a
definition, for example (i.e. prices that are set by the State) or an
explanation, for example (i.e. UNICEF’s response to adjustment programmes
launched by IMF during the 1980’s...) in order to give the exact meaning or
context of the word. The entry may as well be illustrated by an example in
order to clarify the meaning or usage, for instance (e.g. ~ to clean water:
§-îc sö dông n-íc s¹ch). In some cases the example is accompanied by a
Vietnamese translation, while it is not in other cases. A Vietnamese equivalent
term is always written in italic while a definition, explanation and example is
always written in normal letters. In all cases, however, the tilde ( ~ ) mark
used throughout the glossary
represents the
main entry or the derivative entry and is intended to avoid a repetition of the
entry itself.
A
Absorb (v) HÊp
thô, tiÕp nhËn (e.g. To ~ a large amount of foreign aid: TiÕp nhËn mét khèi
l-îng lín viÖn trî n-íc ngoµi).
Absorptive
capacity (n) Kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp nhËn (e.g. The ~ of the Government has improved
recently).
Accede to (v)
Tham gia, trë thµnh thµnh viªn (e.g. To ~ an international convention:
tham gia mét
c«ng -íc quèc tÕ).
Accession (n)
Sù tham gia, trë thµnh thµnh viªn (e.g. ~ to AFTA, WTO: Tham gia Tæ chøc th-¬ng
m¹i thÕ giíi, Khu vùc mËu dÞch tù do ASEAN).
Access (n) TiÕp
cËn, ®-îc sö dông (e.g. ~ to advanced technology: §-îc tiÕp cËn víi c«ng nghÖ
tiªn tiÕn; ~ to clean water: §-îc sö dông n-íc s¹ch). Hence, Accessible (adj)
DÔ tiÕp cËn, cã thÓ tiÕp cËn (e.g. The rural village is accessible by car).
Account for (v)
Gi¶i tr×nh, t×m kiÕm, h¹ch to¸n (e.g. To ~ the failure of the visit: Gi¶i tr×nh
vÒ thÊt b¹i cña chuyÕn viÕng th¨m; To ~ the Americans missing in action during
the war in Viet Nam : T×m
kiÕm ng-êi Mü mÊt tÝch trong cuéc chiÕn tranh ViÖt Nam
Accountability
(n) Tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh (i.e. the requirement that officials answer to
stakeholders on the disposal of their powers and duties, act on criticisms made
of them, and accept responsibility for failure, incompetence or deceit). A
clear ~ mechanism: Mét c¬ chÕ râ rµng vÒ tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh. Mutual ~ :
Tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh víi nhau (i.e. recipient governments and donors are
accountable to each other respectively for the proper use of aid and for the
provision of effective aid); Public ~ : Tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh tr-íc cö tri
hoÆc tr-íc d©n (i.e. a government agency is accountable to the electorate or
the wider public for the decisions taken).
Accountable
(adj) ChÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¶i tr×nh (e.g. The director is responsible for
managing the project and is ~ to the Government for the effective use of its
financial resources).
Action-oriented
(adj) Mang tÝnh hµnh ®éng, kh¸c víi Theoretical (e.g. The workplan is very much
~ : KÕ ho¹ch c«ng t¸c mang tÝnh hµnh ®éng râ rµng).
Ad hoc (adj)
§Æc biÖt, t×nh thÕ (e.g. The UN ~ Committee on Disarmament: Uû ban ®Æc biÖt cña
Liªn hîp quèc vÒ gi¶i trõ qu©n bÞ; An ~ solution: Mét gi¶i ph¸p t×nh thÕ).
Addict (n)
Ng-êi nghiÖn. Drug ~ : Ng-êi nghiÖn ma tuý; Hard-core ~ : Ng-êi nghiÖn nÆng.
Hence, Addiction (n) Sù nghiÖn ngËp (e.g. drug ~, alcohol ~ ).
Addictive (adj)
G©y nghiÖn. ~ substances: C¸c chÊt g©y nghiÖn.
Address (v)
Gi¶i quyÕt, ®Ò cËp tíi (e.g. Environmental issues should be addressed in detail
in the national development strategy: C¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ m«i tr-êng cÇn ®-îc ®Ò cËp
chi tiÕt trong chiÕn l-îc ph¸t triÓn quèc gia).
Adjustment
assistance (n) Trî gióp hay viÖn trî phôc vô ®iÒu chØnh (i.e. public financial
assistance
provided to workers and industries hurt by imports of lower-priced foreign
goods in order to allow them to "adjust" to a new occupation).
Adjustment
programme (n) Ch-¬ng tr×nh ®iÒu chØnh (i.e. a programme aimed at restricting
short-term demand and improving productive efficiency in the longer terms).
Adjustment with
a human face §iÒu chØnh mang tÝnh nh©n v¨n (i.e. UNICEF’s response to
adjustment programmes launched by IMF during the 1980’s. UNICEF held that such
programmes were not only for economic growth but had to take into account
implications on people, in particular the most vulnerable groups). Xem thªm
Structural adjustment.
Administered
prices (n) Gi¸ chØ ®¹o, gi¸ do Nhµ n-íc qu¶n lý (i.e. prices that are set by
the State).
Adult (n) Ng-êi
lín. ~ illiteracy rate: Tû lÖ mï ch÷ ë ng-êi lín; ~ literacy rate: Tû lÖ biÕt
ch÷ ë ng-êi lín.
Advancement of
women (n) Sù tiÕn bé cña phô n÷ (e.g. The National Committee for the
Advancement of
Women: Uû ban quèc gia v× sù tiÕn bé cña phô n÷).
Advantage (n)
Lîi thÕ, ®iÓm m¹nh; Absolute ~ : Lîi thÕ tuyÖt ®èi; Comparative ~ : Lîi thÕ so
s¸nh; Equal ~ : Lîi thÕ ngang b»ng.
Advantage
position (n) VÞ thÕ thuËn lîi.
Advocate (v)
Tuyªn truyÒn vËn ®éng (e.g. To ~ sustainable development concepts; (n)
Ng-êi ñng hé
(e.g. UNDP is a strong ~ of sustainable development principles).
Advocacy (n) Sù
tuyªn truyÒn vËn ®éng (e.g. ~ for sustainable development policies).
Afford (v) Cã
thÓ chi tr¶, cã thÓ thanh to¸n (e.g. Social services must be set at reasonable
prices so that the poor can ~ ).
Affordability
(n) Kh¶ n¨ng chi tr¶, kh¶ n¨ng thanh to¸n (e.g. the ~ of the poor for low-cost
housing).
Affordable
(adj) Cã kh¶ n¨ng chi tr¶, cã kh¶ n¨ng thanh to¸n (e.g. Social services must be
set at ~ prices to the poor: Gi¸ c¸c dÞch vô x· héi ph¶i ë møc ng-êi nghÌo cã
thÓ chÞu ®ùng ®-îc).
Agenda 21 (n)
Ch-¬ng tr×nh nghÞ sù ThÕ kû 21 (i.e. an action plan for sustainable development
for the 21st century, adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and
Development in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro
Aggregate (adj)
TÝnh gép, tÝnh tæng sè. At the ~ level: ë møc tæng hîp; ~ demand:
Tæng cÇu; ~
expenditure: Tæng chi; ~ revenue: Tæng thu; ~ supply: Tæng cung.
Agricultural
(n) Thuéc vÒ n«ng nghiÖp; ~ exports: N«ng s¶n xuÊt khÈu; ~ output: S¶n l-îng
n«ng nghiÖp; ~ productivity: N¨ng suÊt n«ng nghiÖp; ~ reform: C¶i c¸ch n«ng
nghiÖp; ~ sector: Ngµnh n«ng nghiÖp; ~ subsidies: Trî gi¸ n«ng nghiÖp.
Agricultural
earnings (n) Thu nhËp tõ n«ng nghiÖp.
Agricultural
extension (n) KhuyÕn n«ng. ~ services: DÞch vô khuyÕn n«ng; ~ worker:
Ng-êi lµm c«ng
t¸c khuyÕn n«ng, c¸n bé khuyÕn n«ng.
Agricultural
biodiversity (n) §a d¹ng sinh häc n«ng nghiÖp.
Agricultural
pollution (n) ¤ nhiÔm n«ng nghiÖp.
Agriculture (n)
N«ng nghiÖp. Integrated ~ : N«ng nghiÖp toµn diÖn; Organic ~ : N«ng nghiÖp s¹ch,
n«ng nghiÖp h÷u c¬. Traditional ~ : N«ng nghiÖp truyÒn thèng.
Agri-silviculture
(n) Canh t¸c c©y gç xen c©y ng¾n ngµy (i.e. a form of agroforestry consisting
of tree and crop components). Hence, Agro-silvicultural system: HÖ thèng canh
t¸c n«ng l©m kÕt hîp.
Agro (adj)
Thuéc vÒ n«ng nghiÖp (®-îc dïng nh-
Aid (n) ViÖn
trî. Aid and Assistance is used in this glossary to refer to financial flows
which qualify as Official Aid or Official Development Assistance (Xem thªm
Official aid and Official Development Assistance). Long-term ~ : ViÖn trî dµi
h¹n (i.e. official loans with an original or extended maturity of more than one
year). Short-term ~ : ViÖn trî ng¾n h¹n (i.e. official loans with a maturity of
one year or less).
Aid
coordination (n) §iÒu phèi viÖn trî (i.e. the process by which a recipient
government plans external aid in support of national goals, priorities and
strategies).
Aid management
(n) Qu¶n lý viÖn trî (i.e. the process by which a recipient government
integrates
external aid and internal resources in the implementation of its development
programmes and
activities).
Aid
mobilization (n) VËn ®éng viÖn trî, huy ®éng viÖn trî.
AIDS (Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome): Héi chøng suy gi¶m miÔn dÞch m¾c ph¶i ë ng-êi. ~
prevention and control: Phßng chèng vµ kiÓm so¸t AIDS.
Air pollution
(n) ¤ nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ. ~ index: ChØ sè « nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ; ~ control
legislation: LuËt ph¸p kiÓm so¸t « nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ; ~ control strategy: ChiÕn
l-îc kiÓm so¸t « nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ.
Alienated (n)
BÞ xa l¸nh. Socially ~ : BÞ x· héi xa l¸nh.
Allocate (v)
Ph©n bæ, ph©n phèi. Hence, Allocation (n) Sù ph©n bæ, ph©n phèi (e.g. The
effective ~ of public resources: Sù ph©n bæ cã hiÖu qu¶ nguån lùc c«ng céng).
Alternative
(adj) Kh¸c, thay thÕ. ~ farming: Canh t¸c thay thÕ; ~ crop: C©y trång thay thÕ;
~ energy: N¨ng l-îng thay thÕ; ~ solution: Gi¶i ph¸p thay thÕ; ~ technology:
C«ng nghÖ thay thÕ.
Amortization
(n) Tr¶ dÇn, thanh to¸n dÇn (e.g. The ~ of a loan). ~ schedule: LÞch tr¶
(thanh to¸n)
nî.
Anti-narcotic
activities (n) C¸c ho¹t ®éng phßng chèng ma tuý.
Appraise (v)
ThÈm ®Þnh. Hence, Appraisal (n) Sù thÈm ®Þnh (i.e. the process of checking the
quality of a programme or project design prior to approval). Hence Project or
programme appraisal: ThÈm ®Þnh dù ¸n hoÆc ch-¬ng tr×nh.
Approach (n)
Ph-¬ng thøc, c¸ch tiÕp cËn. Economic ~ : C¸ch tiÕp cËn vÒ kinh tÕ;
Environmental ~ : C¸ch tiÕp cËn vÒ m«i tr-êng; Programme or Programmatic ~ :
C¸ch tiÕp cËn theo ch-¬ng tr×nh; Project ~ : C¸ch tiÕp cËn theo dù ¸n; Social
~: C¸ch tiÕp cËn vÒ x· héi; Sectoral ~ : C¸ch tiÕp cËn theo ngµnh (Also
Sector-wide approach).
Approve (v) Phª
duyÖt. Hence, Approval (n) Sù phª duyÖt (i.e. the process of signing a project
or programme document where donor funds are committed). Hence, Project or
programme approval: Phª duyÖt dù ¸n hoÆc ch-¬ng tr×nh.
Aquaculture (n)
Nu«i trång thñy s¶n. Marine ~ : Nu«i trång thuû s¶n biÓn; Upland
Nu«i trång thuû
s¶n ë miÒn nói.
Area-wide
environmental quality management: Qu¶n lý chÊt l-îng m«i tr-êng theo vïng l·nh
thæ (i.e. the process of analyzing the impact of industrial activity on
environmental systems in a given geographic area, assessing their assimilative
capacity to handle industrial pollutants and establising environmental action
plans).
Arrears (n) Nî
qu¸ h¹n (i.e. overdue payments of debt).
Articulate (v)
Tr×nh bµy râ rµng. Hence, Well-articulated (adj) §-îc tr×nh bµy râ rµng
(e.g. ~ ideas,
views).
Articulation
(n) Sù tr×nh bµy râ rµng (e.g. The ~ of national priorities).
ASEAN Free
Trade Area (AFTA): Khu vùc mËu dÞch tù do ASEAN.
Asian
Development Bank (ADB): Ng©n hµng Ph¸t triÓn ch©u ¸. §-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1966,
ADB lµ mét tæ chøc tµi trî ph¸t triÓn víi t«n chØ thóc ®Èy sù nghiÖp ph¸t triÓn
kinh tÕ vµ x· héi ë ch©u ¸ vµ Th¸i B×nh D-¬ng.
Assimilative
capacity (n) Kh¶ n¨ng hÊp thô, kh¶ n¨ng ®ång hãa (i.e. the ability of a water
body to purify itself of pollutants).
Assistance (n)
Sù trî gióp, viÖn trî. External ~ : Sù trî gióp, viÖn trî tõ bªn ngoµi.
Technical ~ :
Trî gióp kü thuËt. Xem thªm Technical assistance vµ Technical cooperation.
Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): HiÖp héi c¸c n-íc §«ng Nam
§-îc thµnh lËp
n¨m 1967, thµnh phÇn cña ASEAN hiÖn cã ®ñ 10 n-íc §«ng Nam
t«n chØ xóc
tiÕn an ninh vµ gi¶i quyÕt tranh chÊp trong khu vùc, t¨ng c-êng bu«n b¸n,
ph¸t triÓn kinh
tÕ, ®Çu t- gi÷a c¸c n-íc thµnh viªn.
Assumption (n)
Gi¶ ®Þnh (i.e. a condition that is important to the success of a project but
which is beyond the control of the project and whose probability of being
satisfied cannot be assured).
Audit (n) KiÓm
to¸n (i.e. an official examination of financial accounts to see if they are in
order. The scope of audits includes financial ~ kiÓm to¸n tµi chÝnh, compliance
~ kiÓm to¸n vÒ tu©n thñ quy chÕ and performance audit or value for money audit
kiÓm to¸n vÒ hiÖu qu¶). External ~ : KiÓm to¸n do ng-êi bªn ngoµi tiÕn hµnh
(cßn gäi lµ Independent ~ : KiÓm to¸n ®éc lËp); Internal audit: KiÓm to¸n néi
bé.
Audit sampling
(n) LÊy mÉu kiÓm to¸n, chän mÉu kiÓm to¸n.
Auditor (n)
Nh©n viªn kiÓm to¸n. ~ General: Tæng kiÓm to¸n.
Australian
Agency for International Development (AusAID): C¬ quan Ph¸t triÓn Quèc tÕ
èt-xtr©y-lia.
Awareness (n)
NhËn thøc. Environmental ~ : NhËn thøc vÒ m«i tr-êng; Gender ~ : NhËn thøc vÒ
giíi; HIV/AIDS ~ : NhËn thøc vÒ HIV/AIDS; ~ raising: N©ng cao nhËn thøc.
B
Backstopping
(n) Theo dâi vµ hç trî (i.e. activities to review, support and advise on the
smooth implementation of a project, e.g. Technical ~ by the Executing Agency:
Theo dâi vµ hç trî kü thuËt cña C¬ quan ®iÒu hµnh dù ¸n).
Backward-looking
(adj) H-íng vÒ qu¸ khø, ®èi lËp víi Forward-looking (e.g. The analysis should
not be ~, but forward-looking).
Balance of
payments (n) C¸n c©n thanh to¸n (i.e. a tabulation of the credit and debit transactions
of a country with other countries and international institutions).
Balance of
payments support: Hç trî c¸n c©n thanh to¸n (e.g. a form of programme aid that
is provided by the IMF through the Central Bank to manage the problems of balance
of payments deficits, insufficient foreign reserves and debt unsustainability.
It usually carried conditionality in the form of a programme of policy reforms
agreed by the recipient government with the IMF and World Bank).
Balance of
trade (n) C¸n c©n th-¬ng m¹i.
Bankable (adj)
Cã thÓ ®-îc ng©n hµng tµi trî (e.g. A ~ project proposal).
Barrier (n)
Hµng rµo. Non-tariff ~ s: Hµng rµo phi thuÕ quan; Tariff ~ s: Hµng rµo thuÕ
quan; Trade ~ s: Hµng rµo th-¬ng m¹i.
Baseline data
(n) D÷ liÖu gèc, d÷ liÖu c¬ së (i.e. data that describe the situation to be
addressed by a project and that serve as a starting point for measuring changes
in its performance). ~ survey: §iÒu tra d÷ liÖu gèc, ®iÒu tra d÷ liÖu c¬ së.
Basic social
services (BSS): C¸c dÞch vô x· héi c¬ b¶n (i.e. social services that were
defined by the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhaghen in 1995, to
consist of primary education, primary health care and nutrition, family
planning services, clean water and low-cost sanitation).
Behaviour (n)
Hµnh vi, c¸ch hµnh xö; High-risk ~ : Hµnh vi cã nguy c¬ cao.
Behavioural
(adj) Thuéc vÒ hµnh vi. ~ change: Thay ®æi hµnh vi.
Benchmark (n)
Mèc chuÈn, ®iÓm chuÈn (i.e. an intermediate target to measure progress in a
given period using a certain indicator).
Beneficiary (n)
Ng-êi thô h-ëng. Direct ~ : Ng-êi thô h-ëng trùc tiÕp; Indirect ~: Ng-êi thô
h-ëng gi¸n tiÕp; Ultimate ~ : Ng-êi thô h-ëng cuèi cïng.
Benefit (n) Lîi
Ých, trî cÊp. Age ~s : Trî cÊp nh©n thä; Direct ~ s : Lîi Ých trùc tiÕp;
Medical ~s : Trî cÊp y tÕ; Fringe ~s : Phô cÊp ngoµi l-¬ng; Unemployment ~ s:
Trî cÊp thÊt nghiÖp.
Best practice
(n) TËp qu¸n tèt nhÊt (e.g. Our plan of action has benefited from the ~ s of
other
partners).
Better-off (adj
) Kh¸ gi¶ h¬n, giµu cã h¬n. ~ regions: Nh÷ng vïng kh¸ gi¶ h¬n;
~ people: Nh÷ng
ng-êi kh¸ gi¶ h¬n.
Bid (n) §Êu
thÇu, gãi thÇu. ~ evaluation, selection: §¸nh gi¸ thÇu, chän thÇu; ~ price:
Gi¸ bá thÇu;
Invitation to ~ : Th- mêi thÇu. To bid for (v) Tham gia ®Êu thÇu.
Bidder (n)
Ng-êi tham gia ®Êu thÇu (e.g. Lowest, highest ~ : Ng-êi bá thÇu thÊp nhÊt,
cao nhÊt;
Successful ~ : Ng-êi th¾ng thÇu).
Bidding (n)
ViÖc ®Êu thÇu (also Tendering). Competitive ~ : §Êu thÇu c¹nh tranh;
International ~
: §Êu thÇu quèc tÕ; Limited ~ : §Êu thÇu h¹n chÕ; Local ~ : §Êu thÇu
trong n-íc;
Open ~ : §Êu thÇu c«ng khai; ~ conditions: §iÒu kiÖn dù thÇu;
~ documents: Hå
s¬ dù thÇu; ~ procedures, rules: Thñ tôc ®Êu thÇu, quy chÕ ®èi thÇu.
Bilateral (adj)
Song ph-¬ng. ~ agreement: HiÖp ®Þnh song ph-¬ng; ~ donor: Nhµ tµi
trî song
ph-¬ng.
Bilateral aid
(n) ViÖn trî song ph-¬ng (i.e. official development assistance provided on a
country-to-country
basis).
Bilateral trade
agreement (n) HiÖp ®Þnh th-¬ng m¹i song ph-¬ng.
Bio (adj) Sù
sèng, sinh häc (dïng nh-
Bio-gas: Sinh
khÝ; Bio-energy: N¨ng l-îng sinh häc; Bio-engineering: Kü thuËt sinh
häc; Bio-fuel:
Nhiªn liÖu sinh häc; Bio-ethics: §¹o ®øc trong c«ng nghÖ sinh häc; Bio-
mass: Sinh
khèi; Bio-safety: An toµn trong c«ng nghÖ sinh häc.
Biodiversity
(n) Sù ®a d¹ng sinh häc (gåm genetic diversity, species diversity vµ ecosystem
diversity). ~ conservation: B¶o tån sù ®a d¹ng sinh häc; ~ resources: Nguån tµi
nguyªn ®a d¹ng sinh häc. Convention on ~ Conservation: C«ng -íc vÒ b¶o tån ®a
d¹ng sinh häc, ký kÕt t¹i Héi nghÞ cña LHQ vÒ M«i tr-êng vµ Ph¸t triÓn n¨m 1992
t¹i Rio de Janeiro
Biodiversity
awareness strategy (n) ChiÕn l-îc n©ng cao nhËn thøc vÒ ®a d¹ng sinh häc.
Biotechnology
(n) C«ng nghÖ sinh häc.
Birth control
(n) KiÓm so¸t sinh ®Î. ~ measures: C¸c biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t sinh ®Î.
Birth rate (n)
Tû suÊt sinh, tû lÖ sinh. Crude ~ : Tû suÊt sinh th«; Net ~ : Tû suÊt sinh
dßng.
Birth spacing
(n) Kho¶ng c¸ch sinh (i.e. time gap between birth deliveries).
Blue sector (n)
................. (i.e. environmental issues that relate to water resources,
coastal zones
and the sea).
Bottle-neck (n)
Sù ¸ch t¾c, kh©u ¸ch t¾c (e.g. Bottle-necks in ODA implementation: Nh÷ng ¸ch
t¾c trong viÖc thùc hiÖn viÖn trî ph¸t triÓn chÝnh thøc).
Bottom-up (adj)
Tõ d-íi lªn, tõ c¬ së lªn. ~ approach: Ph-¬ng ph¸p hay c¸ch tiÕp cËn tõ c¬ së
lªn (as opposed to Top-down approach).
Brain drain (n)
(T×nh tr¹ng) ch¶y m¸u chÊt x¸m.
Brain gain (n)
T¨ng c-êng chÊt x¸m, lµm giµu chÊt x¸m (e.g. The immigration of skilled labour
is a brain drain of one country but a brain gain for another country).
Brainstorming
(n) Xíi vÊn ®Ò, khªu gîi ý t-ëng (i.e. a creative form of discussion with the
sole purpose of producing suggestions or ideas). ~ techniques: Kü thuËt xíi vÊn
®Ò, kü thuËt khªu gîi ý t-ëng cña ng-êi tham gia.
Break-even
point (n) §iÓm hoµ vèn.
Breakthrough
(n) B-íc ®ét ph¸. Digital ~ : B-íc ®ét ph¸ vÒ c«ng nghÖ sè; Genetic ~ :
B-íc ®ét ph¸ vÒ
c«ng nghÖ gien; Technological ~ : B-íc ®ét ph¸ vÒ c«ng nghÖ.
Breast-feed (v)
Nu«i con b»ng s÷a mÑ. Hence, Breast-fed (adj) §-îc nu«i b»ng s÷a mÑ;
Breast-feeding (n) ViÖc nu«i con b»ng s÷a mÑ.
Bretton Woods
Agreement: HiÖp ®Þnh Bretton Woods. ~ lµ HiÖp ®Þnh tiÒn tÖ ®¹t ®-îc
t¹i mét héi
nghÞ quèc tÕ tæ chøc n¨m 1944 t¹i Bretton Woods, Hoa Kú.
Bretton Woods
Institutions: C¸c tæ chøc Bretton Woods, tøc lµ Quü tiÒn tÖ Quèc tÕ vµ
Nhãm Ng©n hµng
ThÕ giíi, ®-îc thµnh lËp theo HiÖp ®Þnh BrettonWoods
Brief (v) Th«ng
b¸o, tr-íc khi b¾t ®Çu mét ho¹t ®éng (e.g. The delegation was briefed
before it began
its project visit). Hence, Briefing (n) Buæi th«ng b¸o.
Broad-based Cã
c¬ së réng r·i, trªn diÖn réng. ~ support: Sù hç trî réng r·i;
~ growth: Sù
t¨ng tr-ëng ®¹t ®-îc trªn diÖn réng.
Brown sector
(n) .......... (i.e. environmental issues that relate to urban and industrial
pollution).
Budget (n) Ng©n
s¸ch. ~ deficit: Th©m hôt ng©n s¸ch; ~ line: Dßng ng©n s¸ch; ~ revision: §iÒu
chØnh ng©n s¸ch; ~ surplus: ThÆng d- ng©n s¸ch.
Budgetary (adj)
Thuéc vÒ ng©n s¸ch. ~ control: KiÓm so¸t ng©n s¸ch; ~ process: Quy tr×nh (x©y
dùng vµ qu¶n lý) ng©n s¸ch; ~ support: Hç trî ng©n s¸ch.
Buffer zone (n)
Vïng ®Öm, khu ®Öm (i.e. an area of land separating land uses which are
incompatible
with each other and which should be of sufficient width to prevent any conflict
between them). ~ management: Qu¶n lý vïng ®Öm.
Build on or
upon (v) Dùa trªn c¬ së, ph¸t huy (e.g. The project has built upon the
results of
recent research initiatives: Dù ¸n ®-îc x©y dùng dùa trªn kÕt qu¶ cña c¸c c«ng
tr×nh nghiªn
cøu gÇn ®©y).
Built-in
stabilizer (n) C¬ chÕ t¹o æn ®Þnh néi t¹i.
Business (n)
Kinh doanh. ~ activity: Ho¹t ®éng kinh doanh; ~ cycle: Chu
kú kinh
doanh; ~
environment: M«i tr-êng kinh doanh; ~ ethics: §¹o ®øc kinh doanh;
~ model: M«
h×nh kinh doanh; ~ strategy: ChiÕn l-îc kinh doanh.
C
Calorie (n) §¬n
vÞ nhiÖt l-îng ca-lo. Daily ~ intake per capita: KhÈu phÇn ca-lo tiªu
thô hµng ngµy
theo ®Çu ng-êi; Daily ~ supply per capita: KhÈu phÇn ca-lo cung cÊp
hµng ngµy theo
®Çu ng-êi.
Canadian
International Development Agency (CIDA): C¬ quan Ph¸t triÓn Quèc tÕ
Ca-na-®a.
Capacity (n)
N¨ng lùc (i.e. the skills, knowledge and resources needed to perform a
function).
Individual ~ : N¨ng lùc c¸ nh©n; institutional ~ : N¨ng lùc thÓ chÕ.
Capacity 21 (n)
N¨ng lùc thÕ kû 21 (i.e. a programme of technical assistance set up by
the United
Nations Development Programme in June 1993 in order to assist developing
countries to
realize the objectives of Agenda 21). Xem thªm Agenda 21.
Capacity
assessment (n) §¸nh gi¸ n¨ng lùc.
Capacity
building (n) X©y dùng n¨ng lùc. ~ differs from Capacity development in that
the latter
builds on a pre-existing capacity basis. Hence, To build capacity (e.g. ~ of an
institution).
Capacity
development (n) T¨ng c-êng n¨ng lùc (i.e. the process by which individuals,
institutions,
communities develop their capacities to perform functions, solve problems
and set and
reach objectives). Hence, To develop capacity (e.g. ~ of an organization).
Capital (n)
Vèn, nguån vèn. Directly productive ~ : Nguån vèn trùc tiÕp tham gia s¶n
xuÊt (m¸y mãc,
thiÕt bÞ, c«ng cô s¶n xuÊt); Financial ~ : Nguån vèn vÒ tµi chÝnh (®Ó ®Çu
t-); Human ~ :
Nguån vèn vÒ con ng-êi; Infrastructural ~ : Nguån vèn vÒ kÕt cÊu h¹
tÇng;
Institutional ~ : Nguån vèn vÒ thÓ chÕ (nÒn d©n chñ, quyÒn con ng-êi, hÖ thèng
ph¸p chÕ…);
Natural ~ : Nguån vèn vÒ tù nhiªn; Social ~ : Nguån vèn x· héi (c¸c
chuÈn mùc, hÖ
thèng, tæ chøc, truyÒn thèng, gi¸ trÞ…, trong ®ã cã nguån vèn vÒ thÓ chÕ);
A society’s
total ~ : Tæng nguån vèn cña mét x· héi.
Capital
assistance (n) ViÖn trî vÒ vèn.
Capital-intensive
(adj) CÇn nhiÒu vèn (e.g. A ~ industry).
Capitalize on
(v) Ph¸t huy, tËn dông, tranh thñ (e.g. To ~ emerging opportunities).
Carbon tax (n)
ThuÕ c¸c-bon (i.e. a tax on the consumption of fossil carbon-containing
fuels in order
to discourage consumption, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and provide
funds to
promote other measures for reducing the greenhouse effect).
Carrying
capacity (n) Søc t¶i, kh¶ n¨ng t¶i (i.e. the maximum number of organisms that
an ecosystem
can support without damaging the ecosystem itself). ~ of a tourism site:
Søc t¶i cña mét
®iÓm du lÞch; The Earth’s ~ : Søc t¶i cña tr¸i ®Êt.
Case study (n)
Nghiªn cøu tr-êng hîp ®iÓn h×nh (i.e. an example of a research problem,
usually
described by a representative case, unit of population… , e.g. to conduct a ~
on a
subject matter:
TiÕn hµnh nghiªn cøu tr-êng hîp ®iÓn h×nh vÒ mét ®Ò tµi nµo ®ã).
Catalyst (adj)
Cã tÝnh chÊt xóc t¸c. ~ role: Vai trß xóc t¸c; ~ money: Nguån vèn mang
tÝnh xóc t¸c.
Causal
relationship (n) Mèi quan hÖ nh©n qu¶.
Cause and
effect relationship (n) Quan hÖ nh©n qu¶.
Central
planning (n) KÕ ho¹ch ho¸ tËp trung.
Centrally
planned economy (n) Kinh tÕ kÕ ho¹ch ho¸ tËp trung.
Change (n) Sù
thay ®æi, ®æi míi. ~ process: TiÕn tr×nh ®æi míi; ~ management: Qu¶n
lý tiÕn tr×nh
®æi míi (i.e. ways to implement and monitor change within an organization).
Change agent
hay change catalyst: Nh©n tè kÝch thÝch ®æi míi (i.e. an individual who
attempts to
influence decesion-making in a direction that is conducive to change).
Checklist (n)
Danh môc (c¸c c©u hái, vÊn ®Ò) ®Ó ®èi chiÕu (e.g. The ~ for project
appraisal: Danh
môc c¸c c©u hái ®Ó ®èi chiÕu khi thÈm ®Þnh dù ¸n; The ~ for briefing a
visiting
mission: Danh môc c¸c vÊn ®Ò cÇn th«ng b¸o cho ®oµn kh¸ch ®Õn th¨m).
Child (n) TrÎ
em. ~ abuse: L¹m dông trÎ em; ~ care: Ch¨m sãc trÎ em; ~ rearing:
Nu«i d-ìng trÎ
em.
Child-bearing
age (n) Tuæi sinh con, also Reproductive age. Women in ~ : Phô n÷
®ang ë ®é tuæi
sinh con.
Child-blind
(adj) Kh«ng quan t©m ®Õn trÎ em (e.g. A ~ social policy, project).
Child care (n)
Ch¨m sãc trÎ em. ~ center: Trung t©m nu«i d¹y trÎ em.
Child labour
(n) Lao ®éng ë trÎ em. Hence, Child labourers (n) TrÎ em ph¶i lao ®éng..
Child
malnutrition (n) Suy dinh d-ìng ë trÎ em.
Child
prostitution (n) M·i d©m ë trÎ em. Hence, Child prostitutes (n) TrÎ em hµnh
nghÒ m·i d©m.
Child welfare
(n) Phóc lîi cho trÎ em (e.g. a ~ policy, programme).
Children in
specially difficult circumstances: TrÎ em cã hoµn c¶nh ®Æc biÖt.
Civil servants
(n) C«ng chøc.
Civil service
(n) Ngµnh c«ng vô.
Civil society
(n) X· héi d©n sù (i.e. the realm of individuals and groups - organized or
unorganized -
who interact in the social, political and economic domains and who are
regulated by
formal and informal rules and laws).
Civil society
organizations (n) C¸c tæ chøc x· héi d©n sù.
Clean energy
sources (n) C¸c nguån n¨ng l-îng s¹ch (i.e. natural gas, solar, wind,
sustainable
biomass and mini-hydro power).
Clean
production technology (n) C«ng nghÖ s¶n xuÊt s¹ch (i.e. use of environmentally
friendly
processes in production activities). Hence, cleaner production technology:
C«ng nghÖ s¶n
xuÊt s¹ch h¬n.
Client-oriented
(adj) §Þnh h-íng phôc vô kh¸ch hµng (e.g. a ~ mentality: Th¸i ®é s½n
sµng phôc vô
kh¸ch hµng).
Climate change
(n) Sù biÕn ®æi khÝ hËu (e.g. Convention on ~ : C«ng -íc vÒ biÕn ®æi
khÝ hËu, ®-îc
ký kÕt t¹i Héi nghÞ LHQ vÒ M«i tr-êng vµ Ph¸t triÓn n¨m 1992 t¹i Rio de
Janeiro).
Global ~ : Sù biÕn ®æi khÝ hËu toµn cÇu.
Cloning (n)
Nh©n dßng v« tÝnh, nh©n gien v« tÝnh.
Cluster
evaluation (n) §¸nh gi¸ côm dù ¸n (cã liªn quan víi nhau vÒ néi dung).
Coastal
mangrove forest (n) Rõng ngËp mÆn ven biÓn.
Coastal zone
management (n) Qu¶n lý d¶i ven bê. Integrated ~ : Qu¶n lý tæng hîp d¶i
ven bê.
Coastal wetland
(n) (Vïng) ®Êt ngËp mÆn ven biÓn.
Co-financing
(n) Cïng gãp vèn, lµ thuËt ng÷ dïng chung cho c¸c ph-¬ng thøc tµi trî
cost-sharing
®ång tµi trî, trust fund quü uû th¸c vµ parallel financing tµi trî song
song.
Commercial
(adj) Thuéc vÒ th-¬ng m¹i. ~ interest rate: L·i suÊt th-¬ng m¹i;
~ lending: Cho
vay theo ®iÒu kiÖn th-¬ng m¹i; ~ loan: Kho¶n vay th-¬ng m¹i.
Commercialize
(v) Th-¬ng m¹i ho¸. Hence, Commercialization (n) Sù th-¬ng m¹i ho¸
(e.g. ~ of
public services: Th-¬ng m¹i ho¸ c¸c dÞch vô c«ng céng).
Commit (v) Cam
kÕt, quyÕt t©m (e.g. ~ oneself to doing something: Cam
kÕt lµm mét
viÖc g× ®ã).
Commitment (n)
Sù cam kÕt (i.e. arrangement for financial assistance or technical
cooperation
incorporated into a signed agreement specifycing terms and conditions).
For example:
ODA ~s to Viet Nam in 2001
reached US$ 1.6 billion: Cam kÕt ODA cho
ViÖt Nam
Commodity (n)
Hµng hãa. ~ assistance: ViÖn trî b»ng hµng ho¸ (i.e. financial
assistance
provided by a donor to a recipient country in the form of commodities or
goods). ~ loan:
Kho¶n tiÒn vay b»ng hµng ho¸.
Common but
differentiated responsibilities (n) Tr¸ch nhiÖm chung nh-ng cã ph©n biÖt
møc ®é (i.e.
Principle No. 7 of the 1992 Rio Declaration which says “States shall
cooperate in a
spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and
integrity of
the Earth’s ecosystem. However, in view of the different contributions to
global
environmental degradation, States shall have common but different
responsibilities”.
Communicable
diseases (n) C¸c c¨n bÖnh l©y lan.
Community (n)
Céng ®ång. ~ health care: Y tÕ céng ®ång;
Community
development (n) Ph¸t triÓn céng ®ång (i.e. the organization of all aspects
of community
living, in particular new settlement projects and the improvement of
existing facilities).
Community
education (n) Gi¸o dôc ý thøc céng ®ång (i.e. an enabling process by
which children
and adults acquire a sense of identification with their community).
Community
forestry (n) L©m nghiÖp céng ®ång (i.e. a form of social forestry where
tree planting
is undertaken by a community on common or communal lands).
Community
participation (n) Sù tham gia cña céng ®ång (i.e. the participation of a
community in
its own development).
Community
participation role (n) Vai trß ho¹t ®éng céng ®ång (cña phô n÷ ). Xem
thªm Gender
roles.
Community-based
(adj) Dùa vµo céng ®ång, ë cÊp céng ®ång.
Community-based
development approaches (n) C¸c ph-¬ng thøc ph¸t triÓn dùa vµo
céng ®ång
Community-based
drug treatment (n) Cai nghiÖn t¹i (dùa vµo) céng ®ång.
Community-based
forest management (n) Qu¶n lý rõng dùa vµo céng ®ång (i.e. a
strategy for
achieving people-centered development where the focus of decision-making
with regard to
the sustainable use of forest resources in the area lies with the
communities of
that area).
Community-based
organizations (n) C¸c tæ chøc céng ®ång.
Comparative
advantage: Lîi thÕ so s¸nh. Theory of ~ : ThuyÕt vÒ lîi thÕ so s¸nh (i.e.
the
specialization in the production and export of those goods/services in which a
country
can make or
provide most profitably).
Compete (v)
C¹nh tranh (e.g. to ~ with each other for the increasingly scarce
development
resources).
Competing (adj)
C¹nh tranh nhau, ganh ®ua nhau (e.g. ~ claims on the limited national
resources:
Nh÷ng ®ßi hái tranh giµnh nguån lùc h¹n hÑp cña quèc gia).
Competition (n)
Sù c¹nh tranh, ganh ®ua. Fair ~ : C¹nh tranh lµnh m¹nh; Healthy ~ :
C¹nh tranh lµnh
m¹nh; Imperfect ~ : C¹nh tranh kh«ng hoµn h¶o; Perfect ~ : C¹nh
tranh hoµn h¶o;
Unfair ~ : C¹nh tranh kh«ng lµnh m¹nh.
Competitive
(adj) Cã kh¶ n¨ng c¹nh tranh, mang tÝnh c¹nh tranh. ~ bidding: §Êu
thÇu c¹nh
tranh; ~ market: ThÞ tr-êng c¹nh tranh; ~ price: Gi¸ c¶ c¹nh tranh.
Competitiveness
(n) Cã kh¶ n¨ng c¹nh tranh, søc c¹nh tranh (e.g. The ~ of the national
economy: Søc
c¹nh tranh cña nÒn kinh tÕ quèc d©n).
Completion (n)
Sù hoµn thµnh, kÕt thóc. Financial ~ : KÕt thóc vÒ tµi chÝnh (e.g. the
financial ~ of
a project); Operational ~ : KÕt thóc vÒ ho¹t ®éng (cña mét dù ¸n).
Comprehensive
(adj) Toµn diÖn. A ~ approach: C¸ch tiÕp cËn toµn diÖn.
Comprehensive
Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy or CPRGS: ChiÕn l-îc
toµn diÖn vÒ
xo¸ nghÌo ®ãi vµ t¨ng tr-ëng (i.e. a strategic policy paper that was
requested by
the World Bank and prepared by the Government of Viet Nam to replace
the previous
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper - or PRSP).
Comprehensive
Development Strategy or CDF (n) ChiÕn l-îc ph¸t triÓn toµn diÖn
(i.e. a
mechanism developed by the World Bank for coordinating WB assistance and
government
spending in support of a comprehensive strategy covering all aspects of
development in
a recipient country).
Concept (n)
Kh¸i niÖm, ý t-ëng. A project ~: ý t-ëng dù ¸n (i.e. A paper that provides a
preliminary
idea of the overall possibility and desirability of a project).
Concept paper
(n) B¶n ph¸c th¶o (vÒ mét ý t-ëng hoÆc ®Ò tµi).
Conceptual
(adj) Thuéc vÒ kh¸i niÖm. A ~ framework: Khung kh¸i qu¸t, ph-¬ng ph¸p
luËn.
Conceptual
approach (n) Ph-¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn mang tÝnh kh¸i qu¸t.
Conceptualization
(n) X©y dùng kh¸i niÖm, x©y dùng ý t-ëng. Project ~: X©y dùng ý
t-ëng dù ¸n.
Hence, To conceptualize a project: X©y dùng ý t-ëng dù ¸n.
Concessionary
(Also Concessional, Soft) (adj) Mang tÝnh -u ®·i. A ~ loan: Kho¶n vay
-u ®·i (i.e.
credit extended in terms that are more favourable to the borrower than market
rates).
Concessionality
level (n) Møc ®é -u ®·i (i.e. a measure of the “softness” of a credit
reflecting the
benefit to the borrower compared to a loan at the market rate).
Condition (n)
§iÒu kiÖn (e.g. a neccesary and sufficient ~ : §iÒu kiÖn cÇn vµ ®ñ).
Conditionality
(n) Cã ®iÒu kiÖn, ®iÒu kiÖn rµng buéc (i.e. policy measure(s) that a government
agrees to implement as a requirement to receive aid).
Conflict (n)
Xung ®ét, m©u thuÉn. ~ of interest: Xung ®ét lîi Ých.
Conflict
resolution (n) Gi¶i quyÕt xung ®ét.
Conflicting
(adj) Xung ®ét víi nhau, m©u thuÉn víi nhau (e.g. ~ interests, ideas: Nh÷ng
lîi Ých, nh÷ng
ý t-ëng tr¸i ng-îc nhau).
Consensus (n)
Sù nhÊt trÝ, sù ®ång thuËn. On the consensus ~ : Theo nguyªn t¾c ®ång
thuËn.
Political ~ : Sù ®ång thuËn vÒ chÝnh trÞ.
Consensus
building (n) X©y dùng sù nhÊt trÝ, ®ång thuËn (e.g. A ~ activity, initiative:
Mét ho¹t ®éng,
mét s¸ng kiÕn nh»m x©y dùng sù ®ång thuËn).
Conservation
(n) B¶o tån; ~ area, site, zone: Khu b¶o tån; Cultural ~ : B¶o tån v¨n
ho¸; Heritage ~
: B¶o tån di s¶n.
Constituency
(n) Nh÷ng ng-êi hËu thuÉn (i.e. a group of people with the same interests
that one can
turn to for support); Cö tri (i.e. a body of voters in a district having its
own
elected
representative).
Constrain (v)
H¹n chÕ, rµng buéc (e.g. The poor policy and legal environments have
constrained the
sustainability of the technical approaches used). Hence, Constraint (n)
H¹n chÕ, khã
kh¨n.
Consultancy (n)
Ho¹t ®éng t- vÊn (e.g. a consultancy assignment: ChuyÕn c«ng t¸c t-
vÊn). Hence,
Consultant: Chuyªn gia t- vÊn.
Consultative
Group Meeting (n) Héi nghÞ Nhãm T- vÊn (i.e. a periodic meeting
between the Government
of a developing country and its major aid partners for
dialoguing on
national issuses/priorities and mobilizing additional external assistance.
This is an aid
mobilization mechanism which is chaired by the World Bank).
Consulting
(adj) Thuéc vÒ t- vÊn. ~ business: NghÒ t- vÊn; ~ firm: C«ng ty t- vÊn;
~ industry:
Ngµnh (c«ng nghiÖp) t- vÊn.
Consumer (n)
Ng-êi tiªu dïng. ~ demand: Nhu cÇu tiªu dïng; ~ price: Gi¸ tiªu dïng;
~ subsidy: Trî
gi¸ tiªu dïng.
Consumer price
index (n) ChØ sè gi¸ tiªu dïng.
Contaminate (v)
Lµm nhiÔm bÈn. Hence, Contamination (n) Lµm nhiÔm bÈn.
Contaminated
site (n) N¬i bÞ nhiÔm bÈn.
Contingency (n)
T×nh huèng bÊt tr¾c. ~ fund: Quü dù phßng; ~ plan: KÕ ho¹ch dù phßng.
Continuous
programming (n) Ph-¬ng ph¸p x©y dùng dù ¸n mang tÝnh liªn tôc (i.e. a concept
that involves the programming by objectives through earmarking of limited
resources for selected development objectives of the country programme for
which projects have not yet been identified).
Contraceptive
(n) Dông cô tr¸nh thai. ~ measures: C¸c biÖn ph¸p tr¸nh thai.
Contraceptive
prevalence rate (n) Tû lÖ sö dông c¸c biÖn ph¸p tr¸nh thai (i.e. the percentage
of married women of childbearing age, 15-49 years old, who are using, or whose
husbands are using, any form of contraception).
Contract (n)
B¶n hîp ®ång hoÆc (v) Lµm hîp ®ång (e.g. to ~ somebody to do something:
Hîp ®ång víi
ng-êi nµo ®Ó lµm viÖc g×).
Contracting out
(n) Kho¸n cho ng-êi ngoµi (i.e. an arrangement whereby a department or agency enters
into a commercial contract with an external supplier that provides services).
Hence, to contract out something: Kho¸n cho ng-êi ngoµi.
Contractual
(adj) Thuéc vÒ hîp ®ång. ~ obligations: C¸c nghÜa vô theo hîp ®ång;
~ provisions:
C¸c ®iÒu kho¶n hîp ®ång; ~ terms: C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn hîp ®ång.
Contribution
(n) Kho¶n ®ãng gãp. In cash ~ : §ãng gãp b»ng tiÒn mÆt; In kind ~ :
§ãng gãp b»ng
hiÖn vËt (d-íi c¸c h×nh thøc nh-
chç, ®Êt ®ai,
nhµ x-ëng, v.v...); Counterpart ~: §ãng gãp cña c¬ quan ®èi t¸c (b»ng
tiÒn mÆt hoÆc
b»ng hiÖn vËt).
Control (n) Sù
kiÓm so¸t, biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t. Export ~ s : C¸c biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t
xuÊt khÈu;
Exchange rate ~ s : C¸c biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t tû gi¸ hèi ®o¸i; Import ~ s :
C¸c biÖn ph¸p
kiÓm so¸t nhËp khÈu; Price ~ s : C¸c biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t gi¸ c¶.
Convention (n)
C«ng -íc (e.g. ~ on the Rights of the Child: C«ng -íc vÒ QuyÒn TrÎ
em; ~ for the
Pretection of Ozone Layer: C«ng -íc vÒ b¶o vÖ tÇng «-d«n; ~ for the
Protection of
the World Cultural and Natural Heritage: C«ng -íc vÒ b¶o vÖ di s¶n
v¨n ho¸ vµ
thiªn nhiªn thÕ giíi; ~ on Biological Diversity: C«ng -íc vÒ b¶o vÖ sù ®a
d¹ng sinh häc;
~ on International Trade in Endangered Species: C«ng -íc vÒ th-¬ng
m¹i quèc tÕ ®èi
víi c¸c loµi ®éng vËt cã nguy c¬ tiÖt chñng; ~ on the Law of the Sea:
C«ng -íc vÒ
LuËt biÓn).
Coping strategy
(n) ChiÕn l-îc, biÖn ph¸p kh¾c phôc khã kh¨n (i.e. plans, means and
actions used by
the poor and/or the vulnerable to deal with difficult situations such as
unemployment,
sickness, food shortage).
Core resources:
Nguån vèn th-êng xuyªn (i.e. voluntary contributions by donor
governments to
UN development Agencies, as opposed to Non-core resources).
Corporate (adj)
Tæng qu¸t (e.g. A ~ plan: Mét kÕ ho¹ch tæng qu¸t); Thuéc vÒ c«ng ty
(e.g. A ~ law:
LuËt c«ng ty).
Corrupt (adj)
Tham nhòng (e.g. A ~ official: Mét quan chøc tham nhòng).
Corruption (n)
Sù tham nhòng (i.e. defined broadly as the abuse of public office for private
gains). ~ - free (adj) Kh«ng cã tham nhòng (e.g. A ~ society: Mét x· héi kh«ng
cã tham nhòng).
Cost (n) Chi
phÝ. Fixed ~ : Chi phÝ cè ®Þnh; Hidden ~ : ChÝ phÝ Èn; Visible ~ : Chi phÝ
hiÖn.
Cost-push
inflation (n) L¹m ph¸t do søc ®Èy cña chi phÝ (i.e. inflation which is created
and sustained
by increases in production costs, independently of the state of demand).
Cost recovery
(n) LÊy thu bï chi, thu håi chi phÝ. On a ~ basis: Trªn c¬ së lÊy thu bï chi.
Cost sharing
(n) §ång tµi trî (i.e. financial contributions which are made by another donor
to a development project of UNDP and which are entrusted to UNDP to manage in
accordance with UNDP's own financial rules/regulations). Xem thªm Co-financing.
Cost-benefit
analysis (n) Ph©n tÝch chi phÝ-lîi Ých (i.e a method to determine total
benefits and costs of a project through which to detect the alternation with
the highest benefit-cost ratio).
Cost-effective
(adj) HiÖu qu¶ tÝnh theo chi phÝ, hiÖu qu¶ kinh tÕ.
Cost-effectiveness
analysis (n) Ph©n tÝch chi phÝ – hiÖu qu¶ (i.e. an approach adopted when the
benefits from a project cannot be readily measured on monetary terms, yet it
has political or corporate benefits).
Counterpart (n)
Bªn ®èi t¸c, bªn ®ång nhiÖm. ~ agency: C¬ quan ®èi t¸c; ~ capacity:
N¨ng lùc cña c¬
quan ®èi t¸c; The Vietnamese Foreign Minister and his US
tr-ëng ViÖt Nam
Counterpart
funding (n) Vèn ®èi øng (i.e. the contribution in local currency to project
costs by a
country receiving development aid).
Counterpart
personnel (n) Nh©n viªn ®èi t¸c (i.e. local staff of a country receiving aid
who have the
same role as, and complement the work, of technical assistance experts).
Country
programme (n) Ch-¬ng tr×nh quèc gia (e.g. UNDP’s ~ for Viet Nam
period
1992-1996).
Credit (n) TÝn
dông. Micro ~ or small ~ : TÝn dông quy m« nhá; Rural ~ : TÝn dông
n«ng th«n;
Informal ~ association: Héi ch¬i hôi.
Creditworthy
(adj) Cã kh¶ n¨ng thanh to¸n nî (e.g. a ~ country, company). Hence,
Creditworthiness
(n) Kh¶ n¨ng thanh to¸n nî.
Critical mass
(n) Khèi l-îng cÇn thiÕt, ®Ó t¹o nªn t¸c ®éng mong muèn. (e.g. There
needs to be a ~
of assistance in order to make a meaningful impact on poverty reduction
efforts in the
province).
Crop rotation
(n) Lu©n canh (i.e. an agricultural method in which two or more crops are
rotated from
year to year to reduce nutrient depletion of the soil and reliance on
pesticides)
Cropping (n)
Trång trät, canh t¸c. ~ intensity: C-êng ®é canh t¸c; ~ pattern: C¬ cÊu c©y
trång; ~ season: Mïa vô trång trät; ~ sequence: Tr×nh tù gieo trång; ~ system:
HÖ thèng trång trät.
Cross check (n)
KiÓm tra chÐo.
Cross-cutting
(adj) Mang tÝnh ®a ngµnh, xuyªn suèt. ~ approach: Ph-¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn
mang tÝnh ®a
ngµnh; ~ issue: Mét vÊn ®Ò xuyªn suèt.
Cross
fertilization (n) Thô tinh chÐo, (nghÜa bãng) sù trao ®æi kinh nghiÖm.
Cross-sectoral
(adj) Mang tÝnh ®a ngµnh. ~ approach: Ph-¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn mang
tÝnh ®a ngµnh.
Crowd out (v)
LÊn ¸t, chÌn lÊn (e.g. Too much foreign expertise in a project can ~ local
initiative).
Hence, Crowding out (n) Sù lÊn ¸t, sù chÌn lÊn.
Cultural (adj)
Thuéc vÒ v¨n ho¸. ~ diversity: Sù ®a d¹ng vÒ v¨n ho¸; ~ environment:
M«i tr-êng v¨n
ho¸; ~ exchange: Trao ®æi v¨n ho¸; ~ property: Tµi s¶n v¨n ho¸;
~ values: C¸c
gi¸ trÞ v¨n ho¸.
Cultural
heritage (n) Di s¶n v¨n ho¸.
Cultural
identity (n) B¶n s¾c v¨n ho¸ (e.g. national ~ : B¶n s¾c v¨n ho¸ d©n téc)
Cultural
integration (n) Héi nhËp vÒ v¨n ho¸.
Culture (n) V¨n
ho¸. ~ in development: V¨n ho¸ trong (ho¹t ®éng) ph¸t triÓn;
Development ~:
V¨n ho¸ ph¸t triÓn; Football ~ : V¨n ho¸ bãng ®¸; Office ~ : V¨n
ho¸ v¨n phßng;
Traditional ~ : V¨n ho¸ truyÒn thèng.
Culture of
Peace (n) NÒn V¨n ho¸ Hoµ b×nh (do UNESCO ph¸t ®éng trªn toµn thÕ giíi
n¨m 2000).
Cultural shock
(n) Có sèc vÒ v¨n ho¸ (do tiÕp xóc víi mét nÒn v¨n minh rÊt kh¸c biÖt).
Cumulative
(adj) TÝch luü. ~ impact, effect: T¸c ®éng, hiÖu qu¶ tÝch luü.
Cut across (v)
Liªn quan ®Õn nhiÒu ngµnh, nhiÒu tæ chøc (e.g. Issues that ~ Government
agencies: Nh÷ng
vÊn ®Ò liªn quan ®Õn nhiÒu c¬ quan ChÝnh phñ).
Cutting edge
(n) Mòi nhän, t©n tiÕn nhÊt (e.g. A ~ technology: C«ng nghÖ mòi nhän; To
be on the ~ of
the development business: §øng ë hµng ®Çu ho¹t ®éng ph¸t triÓn).
D
DAC List of Aid
Recipients (n) Danh s¸ch c¸c n-íc nhËn viÖn trî cña Uû ban ViÖn trî Ph¸t triÓn.
Danh s¸ch nµy bao gåm PhÇn I (Part I) vµ PhÇn II (Part II). PhÇn I gåm c¸c n-íc
®ang ph¸t triÓn cã møc GNP theo ®Çu ng-êi tõ 9,385 USD trë xuèng (gi¸ cè ®Þnh
n¨m 1995) vµ ®-îc nhËn ViÖn trî Ph¸t triÓn ChÝnh thøc. PhÇn II gåm c¸c n-íc
®ang trong thêi kú chuyÓn ®æi ®-îc nhËn ViÖn trî ChÝnh thøc, ë Trung ¢u, §«ng
¢u, c¸c N-íc Céng hoµ thuéc Liªn X« cò vµ mét sè n-íc hoÆc l·nh thæ cã tr×nh ®é
ph¸t triÓn cao h¬n. Xem thªm Development Assistance Committee.
Danish
International Development Agency (DANIDA): C¬ quan Ph¸t triÓn Quèc tÕ §an M¹ch.
Data (n) D÷
liÖu, sè liÖu. ~ analysis: Ph©n tÝch d÷ liÖu; ~ bank: Ng©n hµng d÷ liÖu; ~
collection: Thu thËp d÷ liÖu; ~ processing: Xö lý d÷ liÖu; ~ retrieval: Truy
cËp d÷ liÖu; ~ storage: L-u tr÷ d÷ liÖu; ~ transmission: TruyÒn d÷ liÖu; ~
base: C¬ së d÷ liÖu.
Death rate (n)
Tû lÖ tö vong. Crude ~ : Tû lÖ tö vong th«; Total ~ : Tæng tû lÖ tö vong.
Debrief (v) B¸o
c¸o kÕt qu¶, khi kÕt thóc mét ho¹t ®éng (e.g. The delegation debriefed
the minister at
the end of its visit). Hence, Debriefing (n) Buæi b¸o c¸o kÕt qu¶.
Debt (n) Nî.
Bad ~ : Nî khª ®äng, nî khã ®ßi; Bilateral ~ : Nî song ph-¬ng;
Domestic ~ : Nî
trong n-íc; Foreign ~: Nî n-íc ngoµi (also external ~ ); Multilateral
~ : Nî ®a
ph-¬ng; Public ~ : Nî c«ng; Unsustainable ~ : Nî qu¸ søc chÞu ®ùng (i.e.
debt which
exceeds 2 to 2.5 times a country's annual export earnings).
Debt
cancellation (n) Xo¸ nî (also Debt forgiveness).
Debt crisis (n)
Cuéc khñng ho¶ng nî (i.e. widespread inability in the 1980’s among
developing
countries to service loans, resulting in strains in domestic development due to
rising oil
prices, higher real interest rates, reduced lending and declining exports …).
Debt management
(n) Qu¶n lý nî.
Debt
refinancing (n) Tµi trî b»ng vay nî (i.e. a form of debt relief in which a new
loan
is arranged to
enable the debtor country to meet service payments on an earlier loan).
Debt relief (n)
Gi¶m nî (i.e. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF to
write off part
of the debt owned by a recipient government. Debt relief maybe in the
form of Debt
cancellation, Debt refinancing, or Debt rescheduling).
Debt
renegotiation (n) Th-¬ng l-îng l¹i vÒ viÖc tr¶ nî (i.e. negotiation in order to
change the terms of existing loans, usually by extending repayment nominal
interest rates).
Debt repayment
(n) Tr¶ nî (Hence, To repay a debt).
Debt
rescheduling (n) Ho·n tr¶ nî, ®¸o nî (Hence, To reschedule a debt).
Debt restructuring
(n) C¬ cÊu l¹i nî (i.e. any action officially agreed between the creditor and
the debtor that alters the terms previously established for the repayment,
including forgiveness or rescheduling). Hence, To restructure a debt).
Debt service
(n) Tæng nî ph¶i tr¶ (i.e. the sum of principal payments and interest payments
on total external debt). Hence, Debt servicing (n) ViÖc tr¶ nî, viÖc thanh to¸n
nî.
Debt service
obligations (n) NghÜa vô tr¶ nî.
Debt service
ratio (n) Tû xuÊt nî ph¶i tr¶ (i.e. the ratio of debt service payments to
earnings from
exports of goods).
Debt structure
(n) C¬ cÊu nî.
Debt swap (n)
Tr¸o nî.
Debtor (n) Con
nî. A ~ country: N-íc vay nî.
Debt-for-nature
swaps (n) ChuyÓn ho¸n nî phôc vô b¶o tån thiªn nhiªn (i.e. an
arrangement
whereby a debt is resettled well below face value with the debtor country,
on the
understanding that the funds received to settle the debt will be invested in
the
country
concerned on conservation projects).
Decentralization
(n) Sù phi tËp trung ho¸, ph©n cÊp qu¶n lý (i.e. a general term that
refers to the
restructuring of authority so that it is shared between governing institutions
at central,
regional and local levels. Decentralization involved two key elements, namely
devolution ph©n
quyÒn and delegation ñy quyÒn).
Decentralize
(v) Phi tËp trung ho¸, ph©n cÊp qu¶n lý (e.g. To ~ the decision-making
process: Ph©n
cÊp qu¸ tr×nh ra quyÕt ®Þnh).
Decentralized
(adj) §-îc ph©n cÊp qu¶n lý. ~ decision-making: Ph©n cÊp ra quyÕt
®Þnh; ~ management:
Ph©n cÊp qu¶n lý.
Deficit (n)
Th©m hôt. Budget ~ : Th©m hôt ng©n s¸ch; Food ~ : ThiÕu l-¬ng thùc;
Trade ~ : Th©m
hôt c¸n c©n th-¬ng m¹i.
Deficit
financing (n) LÊy tµi chÝnh bï th©m hôt ng©n s¸ch, tµi trî th©m hôt ng©n s¸ch
(i.e. a
situation where expenditure exceeds revenue such that a deficit is operated
deliberately in
order to stiimulate economic activity and employment by injecting more
purchasing
power into the economy).
Deflation (n)
Gi¶m ph¸t. Hence, Deflator (n) ChØ sè gi¶m ph¸t.
Deforestration
(n) T×nh tr¹ng tµn ph¸ rõng (i.e. Loss of forest cover from 40% of the
trees or more).
Delegate (v) Uû
quyÒn, giao phã (e.g. To ~ the authority to someone: Uû quyÒn cho ai).
Hence,
Delegation or ~ of authority (n) Sù uû quyÒn (i.e. the transfer of government
decision-making
and administrative authority to semi-independent local units who may
still be
legally accountable to the central government).
Demand (n) Yªu
cÇu, l-îng cÇu (e.g. ~ for skilled labour has exceeded supply).
Aggregate ~ :
Tæng cÇu; In ~ : §-îc nhiÒu ng-êi yªu cÇu, ®-îc -a chuéng (e.g. Top
quality
secretaries are always in great ~). Excess ~ : D- cÇu.
Demand
management (n) Qu¶n lý l-îng cÇu.
Demand pull
inflation: L¹m ph¸t do cÇu v-ît cung.
Demand-driven
(adj) Träng cÇu, do cÇu quyÕt ®Þnh (as opposed to Suppply-driven).
~ development
aid: ViÖn trî ph¸t triÓn theo nhu cÇu (cña bªn tiÕp nhËn).
Demand-side
economics: Kinh tÕ häc träng cÇu (as opposed to Supply-side economics).
Demographic
(adj) Thuéc vÒ d©n sè häc. ~ analysis: Ph©n tÝch d©n sè häc; ~ change:
Thay ®æi d©n sè
häc; ~ indicators: C¸c chØ sè d©n sè häc; ~ momentum: §éng lùc d©n
sè häc; ~
transition: ChuyÓn tiÕp d©n sè häc. Hence, Demography (n) D©n sè häc.
Demographic
model (n) M« h×nh d©n sè häc (i.e. a model concerned with the structure,
growth and
change of populations).
Demonstration
(n) Tr×nh diÔn (e.g. ~ activities: Nh÷ng ho¹t ®éng mang tÝnh tr×nh diÔn;
A ~ project:
Mét dù ¸n mang tÝnh tr×nh diÔn).
Department for
International Development (DfID): C¬ quan Ph¸t triÓn Quèc tÕ Anh quèc.
Dependency
ratio (n) Tû lÖ phô thuéc (i.e. the ratio of the population defined as
dependent, aged under 15 and above 65, on the working age population, aged 15-
64).
Deplete (v) Lµm
suy gi¶m, lµm c¹n kiÖt (e.g. To ~ natural resources: Lµm c¹n kiÖt c¸c nguån tµi
nguyªn; To ~ the ozone layer: Lµm suy gi¶m tÇng «-d«n). Montreal Convention on
Substances that ~ the Ozone Layer: C«ng -íc Montreal
Depleting (adj)
Lµm suy gi¶m, lµm c¹n kiÖt. Ozone ~ substances: C¸c chÊt lµm suy
gi¶m tÇng
«-d«n.
Design (v)
ThiÕt kÕ (e.g. To ~ a project: ThiÕt kÕ mét dù ¸n); (n) B¶n thiÕt kÕ (e.g. A
project ~ :
ThiÕt kÕ cña mét dù ¸n).
Developing
country (n) N-íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn (i.e. a low- or middle-income country in which
most people have a lower standard of living than do most people in a
high-income country).
Development (n)
(Sù nghiÖp) ph¸t triÓn (i.e. the process of improving the quality of all human
lives which consists of three equally important aspects: raising people's
living standards in terms of their incomes and consumption levels; creating
conditions conducive to the growth of people's self-esteem through the
establishment of social, political, and economic systems/institutions;
increasing people's freedom to make their choices in terms of consumer goods
and services). ~ agency: C¬ quan, tæ chøc ph¸t triÓn; ~ partner: §èi t¸c ph¸t
triÓn; ~ right: QuyÒn tham gia ph¸t triÓn; ~ target: ChØ tiªn ph¸t triÓn.
Development
administration (n) Qu¶n trÞ ph¸t triÓn.
Development
assistance (n) ViÖn trî ph¸t triÓn, trî gióp ph¸t triÓn.
Development
Assistance Committee (DAC): Uû ban viÖn trî ph¸t triÓn, thuéc Tæ chøc Hîp t¸c
vµ Ph¸t triÓn Kinh tÕ (OECD). DAC lµ c¬ quan chñ yÕu qua ®ã OECD gi¶i quyÕt c¸c
vÊn ®Ò hîp t¸c víi c¸c n-íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn vµ lµ mét trong nh÷ng diÔn ®µn
chÝnh cña OECD ®Ó phèi hîp c¸c ho¹t ®éng hç trî sù nghiÖp ph¸t triÓn bÒn v÷ng.
Development
cooperation (n) Hîp t¸c ph¸t triÓn (i.e. a term often used synonymously with
overseas development assistance to indicate the inter-dependent nature of the
development process and emphasize the cooperative effort of both poorer and
richer countries).
Development
economics (n) Kinh tÕ häc ph¸t triÓn.
Development
objective (n) Môc tiªu ph¸t triÓn (i.e. a long-term objective of national
development or
of a national programme).
Development
planning (n) Quy ho¹ch ph¸t triÓn.
Development
strategy (n) ChiÕn l-îc ph¸t triÓn.
Digital divide
(n) Kho¶ng c¸ch c«ng nghÖ sè (i.e. the richest 20% of the world population have
access to 93.3% of the internet facilities and 74% of the telephone lines while
the poorest 20% have access to only respectively 0.2% and 1.5%).
Devolution (v)
Sù ph©n quyÒn (i.e. a concept which is commonly understood to be genuine
decentralization. Under devolution, local units of government have full
authority to take decisions over which central authorities exercise little or
no direct control).
Digital
revolution (n) C¸ch m¹ng c«ng nghÖ sè.
Diminishing
returns to scale (n) Lîi tøc gi¶m dÇn theo quy m« (i.e. a generalization that
while an increase in some inputs relative to other fixed inputs may raise total
output, there will come a point when the extra output is likely to diminish).
Law of ~ : Quy luËt lîi tøc gi¶n dÇn.
Direct support
(n) Hç trî trùc tiÕp. A ~ project: Dù ¸n hç trî trùc tiÕp (i.e. a project that
is designed to respond to a one-time need and to reach its beneficiaries
directly by preparing, for example, feasibility studies, development plans,
technical designs...).
Disadvantaged
(adj) BÞ thiÖt thßi. Economically ~ provinces: C¸c tØnh bÞ thiÖt thßi vÒ kinh
tÕ; ~ groups: C¸c nhãm d©n c- bÞ thiÖt thßi.
Disaster (n)
Thiªn tai (th-êng hay ®i víi natural ~ s ). Environmental ~ : Tai biÕn m«I tr-êng;
Technological ~ : Tai ho¹ do c«ng nghÖ g©y ra; Man-made ~ : Tai ho¹ do con
ng-êi g©y ra; Water ~ : Thiªn tai do n-íc g©y ra, thuû tai.
Disaster
forecasting (n) Dù b¸o thiªn tai.
Disaster
management (n) Qu¶n lý thiªn tai.
Disaster mitigation
(n) Gi¶m nhÑ (hËu qu¶) thiªn tai.
Disaster
preparedness (n) Phßng chèng thiªn tai.
Disaster-prone
(adj) Hay gÆp thiªn tai (e.g. Viet
Nam
Disaster relief
(n) Cøu trî thiªn tai.
Disaster
response (n) BiÖn ph¸p ®èi phã víi thiªn tai.
Disaster
warning (n) C¶nh b¸o vÒ thiªn tai.
Disburse (v)
Chi tiªu, gi¶i ng©n (e.g. Viet
Nam
Disbursement
(n) Sè tiÒn ®-îc gi¶i ng©n, møc gi¶i ng©n, vèn thùc hiÖn (e.g. Viet Nam
Disease (n)
BÖnh. Chronic ~s : BÖnh m·n tÝnh; Endemic ~ s: BÖnh dÞch; Guinea
Displaced
people (n) Ng-êi l¸nh n¹n; Internally ~ : Ng-êi l¸nh n¹n trong n-íc.
Dissolution (n)
Gi¶i thÓ (e.g. The ~ of loss-making State-owned enterprises: Gi¶i thÓ c¸c
doanh nghiÖp
Nhµ n-íc lµm ¨n thua lç).
Distribution
(n) Sù ph©n phèi, sù ph©n bæ. ~ of profits: Ph©n phèi lîi nhuËn;
Geographical ~
of aid: Ph©n bæ viÖn trî theo vïng l·nh thæ; Geographical ~ of
poverty: T×nh
tr¹ng nghÌo theo vïng l·nh thæ. Hence, Distribute (v) Ph©n phèi, ph©n bæ
Distribution of
income (n) Ph©n phèi thu nhËp. Functional ~ : Ph©n phèi thu nhËp theo chøc n¨ng
(i.e. dividing income according to sources such as wages, profits, rent,
ect...); Size ~ : Ph©n phèi thu nhËp theo quy m« (i.e. showing how many persons
or families receive how much income).
Diversification
(n) Sù ®a d¹ng ho¸. Crop ~ : §a d¹ng ho¸ c©y trång; Export ~: §a
d¹ng ho¸ xuÊt
khÈu; Risk ~ : §a d¹ng ho¸ rñi ro.
Diversity (n)
TÝnh ®a d¹ng (e.g. The ~ of ecosystems: TÝnh ®a d¹ng cña c¸c hÖ sinh th¸i).
Diversity in
unity (n) TÝnh ®a d¹ng trong thèng nhÊt (e.g. To maintain the ~ in unity of
the United
Nations Organization).
Divest (v)
Thanh lý. Thus, Divestiture (n) Sù thanh lý. (e.g. ~ of a loss making business:
Thanh lý doanh
nghiÖp lµm ¨n thu lç).
Divide (n)
§-êng ph©n c¸ch, kho¶ng c¸ch. North-South ~ : Kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c n-íc ph-¬ng
B¾c (c¸c n-íc giµu) vµ ph-¬ng Nam (c¸c n-íc nghÌo); Urban - rural ~ : Kho¶ng
c¸ch gi÷a thµnh thÞ vµ n«ng th«n; Digital ~ : Kho¶ng c¸ch c«ng nghÖ sè.
Dividend (n)
TiÒn l·i cæ phÇn, cæ tøc. To pay dividends: Tr¶ l·i cæ phÇn; (nghÜa bãng) mang
l¹i lîi Ých (e.g. The strong reform measure that the Government took has paid
fast dividends: BiÖn ph¸p c¶i c¸ch m¹nh mÏ ChÝnh phñ thùc hiÖn ®· mang l¹i lîi
Ých nhanh chãng).
Document (n)
Tµi liÖu, (v) V¨n b¶n ho¸, ghi chÐp thµnh v¨n b¶n (e.g. Lessons from poverty
reduction projects must be well-documented and widely shared amongst target groups).
Dollarization
(n) (Sù, t×nh tr¹ng) ®« la ho¸ (i.e. the ~ of a national currency).
Donor (n) Nhµ
tµi trî. ~ country: N-íc tµi trî; ~ organiztion: Tæ chøc tµi trî; Bilateral ~:
Nhµ tµi trî song ph-¬ng; Multilateral ~: Nhµ tµi trî ®a ph-¬ng; ~ community:
Céng ®ång c¸c nhµ tµi trî.
Donor-driven or
donor-led (adj) (BÞ, do) nhµ tµi trî chi phèi (e.g. A ~ aid coordination event:
Ho¹t ®éng ®iÒu phèi viÖn trî do c¸c nhµ tµi trî chi phèi).
Downstream
(adj) ë cÊp vi m«, cuèi nguån, ®èi lËp víi Upstream (e.g. The effectiveness of
~ assistance activities is heavily affected by the upstream economic policy and
institutional environments).
Drop-out (n) Bá
häc. ~ rate: Tû lÖ bá häc (Xem
thªm School
Drug (n) Ma
tuý, chÊt g©y nghiÖn. ~ control and prevention: KiÓm so¸t vµ phßng chèng ma
tuý; ~ interdiction and seizure: Ng¨n chÆn bu«n lËu vµ b¾t gi÷ ma tuý.
Dry farming (n)
Canh t¸c trªn ®Êt kh« h¹n.
Drug abuse (n)
L¹m dông ma tuý. Hence, Drug abuser (n) Ng-êi l¹m dông ma tuý.
Drug addiction
(n) NghiÖn ma tuý. Hence, Drug addict (n) Ng-êi nghiÖn ma tuý.
Drug dealer (n)
Ng-êi bu«n b¸n ma tuý.
Drug demand
reduction (n) Gi¶m l-îng cÇu ma tuý.
Drug
detoxification (n) Cai nghiÖn ma tuý. Community-based ~ : Cai nghiÖn t¹i céng
®ång; Family-based ~ : Cai nghiÖn t¹i nhµ; Obligatory ~ : Cai nghiÖn b¾t buéc;
Voluntary ~ : Cai nghiÖn tù nguyÖn.
Drug inhaling
(n) HÝt, ngöi ma tuý. Hence, Drug inhaler (n) Ng-êi hÝt, ngöi ma tuý.
Drug relapse
(n) T¸i nghiÖn. ~ rate: Tû lÖ t¸i nghiÖn.
Drug-related
harms (n) T¸c h¹i do may tuý g©y ra.
Drug supply
reduction (n) Gi¶m l-îng cung ma tuý.
Drug
trafficking (n) VËn chuyÓn, bu«n lËu ma tuý. Hence, Drug trafficker (n) Ng-êi
vËn chuyÓn,
bu«n lËu ma tuý.
Drug treatment
(n) §iÒu trÞ. ~ and rehabilitation: §iÒu trÞ vµ phôc håi chøc n¨ng
ng-êi nghiÖn ma
tuý.
Duration (n)
Thêi gian diÔn ra (mét sù kiÖn, mét ho¹t ®éng). Project ~ : Thêi gian thùc
hiÖn dù ¸n.
E
Ear-mark (v)
Ph©n bæ s¬ bé. Hence, Ear-marking (n) Sù ph©n bæ s¬ bé (e.g. the ~ of
available aid
resources: Sù ph©n bæ s¬ bé c¸c nguån viÖn trî hiÖn cã).
Earth Summit
(n) Héi nghÞ Th-îng ®Ønh vÒ Tr¸i ®Êt (i.e. the other name of the UN
Conference on
Environment and Development held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
Easy money (n)
TiÒn dÔ vay.
Ecological
(adj) Thuéc vÒ sinh th¸i. ~ balance: C©n b»ng sinh th¸i; ~ indicators: C¸c
chØ sè vÒ sinh
th¸i.
Ecological
agriculture (n) N«ng nghiÖp sinh th¸i.
Ecological
capacity (n) Søc t¶i cña hÖ sinh th¸i (Xem thªm Carrying capacity).
Ecological
diversity (n) Sù ®a d¹ng vÒ sinh th¸i.
Ecological
niche (n) N¬i c- tró, æ sinh th¸i (i.e. a place in the system that provides all
the living needs of a species, that species being better adapted to occupy that
niche than any other species).
Ecological
resilience (n) Søc bÒn cña hÖ sinh th¸i.
Ecologically
sustainable (adj) BÒn v÷ng vÒ mÆt sinh th¸i.
Ecology (n)
Sinh th¸i häc (i.e. scientific study of the interactions between organisms and
their environment).
Human ~ : Sinh th¸i häc nh©n v¨n; Marine ~: Sinh th¸i biÓn.
Ecomuseum (n)
B¶o tµng sinh th¸i. Ha Long Bay ~ feasibility study: Nghiªn cøu kh¶
thi vÒ b¶o tµng
sinh th¸i VÞnh H¹ Long.
Economic (adj)
Thuéc vÒ kinh tÕ. ~ aid: ViÖn trî kinh tÕ; ~ analysis: Ph©n tÝch kinh tÕ;
~ cost: Chi phÝ
kinh tÕ; ~ disparity: Sù chªnh lÖch vÒ kinh tÕ; ~ forecasts: Dù b¸o kinh
tÕ; ~
incentive: BiÖn ph¸p khuyÕn khÝch vÒ kinh tÕ; ~ indicators: C¸c chØ sè kinh tÕ;
~ instruments:
C¸c c«ng cô kinh tÕ; ~ resources: C¸c nguån lùc kinh tÕ; ~ systems:
C¸c hÖ thèng
kinh tÕ.
Economic
cooperation (n) Hîp t¸c kinh tÕ.
Economic
development (n) Ph¸t triÓn kinh tÕ (i.e. economic growth plus structural and
institutional
change which involves the progress towards goals and objectives).
Economic growth
(n) T¨ng tr-ëng kinh tÕ (i.e. an increase in productive capacity of an
economy over
time, giving rise to an increase in real National Income).
Economic
integration (n) Héi nhËp kinh tÕ.
Economic
interdependence (n) Sù tuú thuéc lÉn nhau vÒ kinh tÕ.
Economic
liberalization (n) Tù do ho¸ kinh tÕ.
Economic
performance (n) HiÖu qu¶ ho¹t ®éng kinh tÕ.
Economic
planning (n) Quy ho¹ch kinh tÕ.
Economically
active population (n) D©n sè ho¹t ®éng kinh tÕ (i.e. all men or women
who supply
labour for the production of goods/services during a specified period of
time). ~ in
working age: D©n sè ho¹t ®éng kinh tÕ trong ®é tuæi lao ®éng.
Economies of
scale (n) HiÖu qu¶ kinh tÕ theo quy m«, tiÕt kiÖm nhê quy m« (i.e. the
gains by way of
reduced average and marginal costs of production per unit of output
arising from
increasing the scale of a plant, business or industry).
Economistic
(adj) Mang tÝnh kinh tÕ thuÇn tuý (e.g. An ~ approach: C¸ch tiÕp cËn kinh
tÕ häc thuÇn tuý).
Economy (n) NÒn
kinh tÕ. Barter ~ : NÒn kinh tÕ hµng ®æi hµng; Centrally planned ~ :
Kinh tÕ kÕ
ho¹ch ho¸ tËp trung; Closed ~ : NÒn kinh tÕ ®ãng (also Inward-looking ~ );
Command ~ : NÒn
kinh tÕ theo mÖnh lÖnh; Market ~ : NÒn kinh tÕ thÞ tr-êng; Mixed ~
: NÒn kinh tÕ
hçn hîp (cã c¸c thµnh phÇn kinh tÕ t- nh©n vµ Nhµ n-íc); Open ~ : NÒn
kinh tÕ më
(also Outward-looking ~).
Ecosystem (n)
HÖ sinh th¸i (i.e. a self-sustaining and self-regulating community of
organisms
interacting with each other and with the environment). Natural ~ : HÖ sinh
th¸i tù nhiªn;
Representative ~ : HÖ sinh th¸i ®¹i diÖn ®Æc tr-ng; Supporting ~ : HÖ
sinh th¸i hç
trî; Sensitive ~ : HÖ sinh th¸i nh¹y c¶m.
Ecosystem
diversity (n) §a d¹ng hÖ sinh th¸i.
Ecosystem
management (n) Qu¶n lý hÖ sinh th¸i.
Ecosystem
rehabilitation (n) Kh«i phôc hÖ sinh th¸i.
Ecosystem
restoration (n) Phôc håi hÖ sinh th¸i.
Ecotourism (n)
Du lÞch sinh th¸i.
Education (n)
Gi¸o dôc. Primary ~ : Gi¸o dôc tiÓu häc; Lower secondary ~ : Gi¸o dôc trung häc
c¬ së; Upper secondary ~ : Gi¸o dôc trung häc phæ th«ng; Higher ~ : Gi¸o dôc
cao häc.
Education for
all (n) Gi¸o dôc cho tÊt c¶ mäi ng-êi. Plan of Action for ~ : KÕ ho¹ch
hµnh ®éng vÒ
Gi¸o dôc cho tÊt c¶ mäi ng-êi, ®-îc th«ng qua t¹i Héi nghÞ ThÕ giíi vÒ
Gi¸o dôc cho
TÊt c¶ mäi ng-êi tæ chøc t¹i Jomtien, Th¸i Lan, vµo n¨m 1990.
Educational
attainment (n) Häc vÊn. Level of ~ : Tr×nh ®é häc vÊn.
Effective (adj)
Cã hiÖu lùc, hiÖu qu¶ (e.g. An ~ public administration system).
Efficient (adj)
Cã hiÖu suÊt, hiÖu qu¶ (e.g. An ~ management mechanism).
Electronic
(adj) B»ng ph-¬ng tiÖn ®iÖn tö, th-êng ®-îc viÕt t¾t lµ “E-”, vÝ dô:
E-business:
Kinh doanh ®iÖn tö; E-commerce: Th-¬ng m¹i ®iÖn tö; E-government:
ChÝnh phñ ®iÖn
tö; E-learning: Häc tËp qua m¹ng ®iÖn tö; E-mail: Th- ®iÖn tö;
E-payment:
Thanh to¸n (qua m¹ng) ®iÖn tö; E-training: §µo t¹o qua m¹ng ®iÖn tö.
Emergency
relief (n) Cøu trî khÈn cÊp (e.g. To send ~ to flood victims).
Emperical (n)
Thuéc vÒ thùc tÕ. ~ evidence: B»ng chøng thùc tÕ; ~ ground: C¨n cø,
c¬ së thùc tÕ.
Employment (n)
ViÖc lµm. Casual ~ : ViÖc lµm t¹m thêi; Full ~: Cã viÖc lµm ®Çy ®ñ
(i.e. the state
of an economy in which all persons seeking employment are able to obtain
paid
positions); Seasonal ~ : ViÖc lµm thêi vô.
Employment
generating (adj) T¹o ra viÖc lµm (e.g. ~ policy measures: Nh÷ng biÖn
ph¸p t¹o viÖc
lµm).
Employment
generation (n) T¹o viÖc lµm.
Employment
security (n) æn ®Þnh vÒ viÖc lµm, ®¶m b¶o viÖc lµm.
Employment-intensive
(adj) T¹o ra nhiÒu viÖc lµm (e.g. an ~ business, industry, project).
Empower (v)
N©ng cao vÞ thÕ, t¹o ®iÒu kiÖn tham gia (e.g. To ~ the poor: N©ng cao vÞ
thÕ cña ng-êi
nghÌo, t¹o ®iÒu kiÖn ®Ó ng-êi nghÌo tham gia).
Empowerment (n)
N©ng cao vÞ thÕ, t¹o ®iÒu kiÖn thuËn lîi (i.e. the expansion of ability
and/or
opportunity to someone which enables him/her to participate in or endorse
decision-making
that affects his/her life).
Enabling
environment (n) M«i tr-êng thuËn lîi (i.e. conditions surrounding an activity
or system that
facilitate the fulfillment of the potential of that activity or system, such as
supportive laws
and policies, e.g. An ~ for foreign direct investment).
Endangered
species (n) C¸c loµi vËt cã nguy c¬ tiÖt chñng (i.e. Organisms that are at
risk of
becoming extinct).
Endogenous
(adj) Néi sinh.
End-user (n)
Ng-êi sö dông cuèi cïng (e.g. The end-users of project results).
Energy-intensive
(adj) Tiªu thô nhiÒu n¨ng l-îng (e.g. an ~ industry).
Engine of
growth (n) §éng lùc t¨ng tr-ëng (e.g. The private sector is often seen as the ~
of a market
economy).
Enhanced
Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF): ThÓ thøc ®iÒu chØnh c¬ cÊu t¨ng
c-êng, do Quü
TiÒn tÖ Quèc tÕ lËp ra nh»m gióp c¸c n-íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn thùc hiÖn c¸c
ch-¬ng tr×nh
trung h¹n vÒ kinh tÕ vÜ m« vµ ®iÒu chØnh c¬ cÊu.
Enrolment (n)
Sè ng-êi ®i häc, sè ng-êi nhËp häc (nÕu ®-îc b¸o c¸o vµo ®Çu n¨m häc).
Age-specific ~
ratio: Tû lÖ ®i häc ®Æc tr-ng theo løa tuæi; Gross ~ ratio: Tû lÖ ®i häc
chung (i.e. the
number of students enrolled in a level of education, regardless of age, as a
percentage of
the population of official school age for that level). Net ~ ratio: Tû lÖ ®i
häc ®óng tuæi
(i.e. the number of children of official school age enrolled in school as a
percentage of
the number of children of official school age in the population).
Entitlement (n)
Tiªu chuÈn, chÕ ®é. Entitlement-based (adj) Theo tiªu chuÈn, chÕ ®é
(e.g. To
replace a ~ system by a merit-based system: Thay thÕ hÖ thèng dùa vµo tiªu
chuÈn b»ng hÖ
thèng dùa vµo kÕt qu¶ lµm viÖc).
Entrepreneur
(n) Nhµ doanh nghiÖp, doanh nh©n. Entrepreneurial (adj) Cã ý thøc
doanh nghiÖp.
Entrepreneurship (n) ý thøc doanh nghiÖp.
Environment (n)
M«i tr-êng. Built ~ : M«i tr-êng do con ng-êi t¹o ra, m«i tr-êng nh©n t¹o;
Business ~ : M«i tr-êng kinh doanh; Cultural ~ : M«i tr-êng v¨n ho¸; Human ~ :
M«i tr-êng nh©n v¨n; Institutional ~ : M«i tr-êng thÓ chÕ; Investment ~ : M«i
tr-êng ®Çu t-; Natural ~ : M«i tr-êng tù nhiªn; Physical ~ : M«i tr-êng vËt
chÊt; Policy ~ : M«i tr-êng chÝnh s¸ch; Political ~ : M«i tr-êng chÝnh trÞ.
Built and natural ~ of the Ha Long World Heritage Area: M«i tr-êng nh©n t¹o vµ
m«i tr-êng tù nhiªn cña Khu Di s¶n ThÕ giíi VÞnh H¹ Long.
Environmental
(adj) Thuéc vÒ m«i tr-êng. ~ concerns, considerations: C¸c vÊn ®Ò (cÇn quan
t©m) vÒ m«i tr-êng; ~ forecasting: Dù b¸o vÒ m«i tr-êng; ~ impact: T¸c ®éng ®Õn
m«i tr-êng; ~ indicators: C¸c chØ sè vÒ m«i tr-êng; ~ legislation: LuËt ph¸p vÒ
m«i tr-êng; ~ science: Khoa häc m«i tr-êng; ~ tax: ThuÕ m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
accounting (n) KiÓm kª m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
assessment (n) §¸nh gi¸ vÒ m«i tr-êng. Strategic ~ : §¸nh gi¸ m«i tr-êng chiÕn
l-îc (i.e. a systematic method for identifying, predicting and evaluating the
potential effects on the environment of a development policy, plan or
programme).
Environmental
audit (n) KiÓm to¸n m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
awareness (n) NhËn thøc vÒ m«i tr-êng. ~ strategy: ChiÕn l-îc n©ng
cao nhËn thøc
vÒ m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
care system (n) HÖ thèng b¶o ®¶m m«i tr-êng (gåm c¸c biÖn ph¸p nhằm
gi¸m s¸t, kiÓm
to¸n, b¸o c¸o vµ kiÓm kª m«i tr-êng).
Environmental
conservation (n) B¶o tån m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
degradation (n) Suy tho¸i, xuèng cÊp vÒ m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
economics (n) Kinh tÕ häc m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
education (n) Gi¸o dôc vÒ m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
evaluation (n) §¸nh gi¸ vÒ m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
heritage (n) Di s¶n m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
impact assessment (n) §¸nh gi¸ t¸c ®éng m«i tr-êng (i.e. a systematic method
for identifying, predicting and evaluating the potential effects on the
environment of a development project or activity).
Environmental
impact statement (n) B¸o c¸o vÒ ®¸nh gi¸ t¸c ®éng m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
management (n) Qu¶n lý m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
monitoring (n) Quan tr¾c (hoÆc gi¸m s¸t) m«i tr-êng;
Environmental
policy and planning (n) ChÝnh s¸ch vµ quy ho¹ch m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
protection (n) B¶o vÖ m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
quality: ChÊt l-îng m«i tr-êng. ~ standards: C¸c tiªu chuÈn chÊt l-îng m«i
tr-êng, bao gåm Ambient standards Tiªu chuÈn m«i tr-êng xung quanh vµ
Emission/discharge standards Tiªu chuÈn ph¸t th¶i).
Environmental
regeneration (n) T¸i t¹o m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
reporting (n) LËp b¸o c¸o vÒ m«i tr-êng.
Environmental
sustainability (n) TÝnh bÒn v÷ng vÒ m«i tr-êng.
Environmentally
sensitive (adj) Nh¹y c¶m vÒ m«i tr-êng (e.g. An ~ area: Khu vùc nh¹y c¶m vÒ m«i
tr-êng; An ~ export: MÆt hµng xuÊt khÈu nh¹y c¶m vÒ m«i tr-êng).
Environmentally-friendly
(adj) Quan t©m b¶o vÖ m«i tr-êng, th©n thiÖn víi m«i tr-êng
(e.g. An ~
production technology, development project).
Equitable
distribution (n) Ph©n phèi c«ng b»ng (e.g. An ~ of the benefits of economic
growth: Ph©n
phèi c«ng b»ng nh÷ng lîi Ých cña t¨ng tr-ëng kinh tÕ).
Equitize (v) Cæ
phÇn ho¸. Hence, Equitization (e.g. The ~ of loss-making State-owned
enterprises: Cæ
phÇn ho¸ c¸c doanh nghiÖp Nhµ n-íc lµm ¨n thua lç).
Ergonomics (n)
Nh©n tr¾c häc (i.e. the study of the relationship between people and the equipment,
machinery, tools and furnature they use at workplace, with the aim of
improving their
work performance).
Ethics (n) §¹o
®øc. Professional ~ : §¹o ®øc nghÒ nghiÖp.
Evaluation (n)
§¸nh gi¸ (i.e. a time-bound exercise that attempts to assess systematically and
objectively the relevance, performance and success of on-going or completed
projects, programmes). Project ~ : §¸nh gi¸ dù ¸n.
Evaluation by
agent (n) §¸nh gi¸ theo ng-êi thùc hiÖn, gåm cã: External or independent ~ : §¸nh
gi¸ bªn ngoµi, ®¸nh gi¸ ®éc lËp vµ Internal ~ : §¸nh gi¸ néi bé.
Evaluation by
scope (n) §¸nh gi¸ theo quy m«, gåm cã: Project ~ : §¸nh gi¸ dù ¸n,
Cluster ~ :
§¸nh gi¸ côm dù ¸n, Programme ~ : §¸nh gi¸ ch-¬ng tr×nh, Sectoral ~ :
§¸nh gi¸ theo
ngµnh, vµ Thematic ~ : §¸nh gi¸ theo chuyªn ®Ò.
Evaluation by
timing (n) §¸nh gi¸ theo thêi ®iÓm, gåm cã: Mid-term ~ : §¸nh gi¸
gi÷a kú,
Terminal ~ : §¸nh gi¸ kÕt thóc, vµ Ex-post ~ : §¸nh gi¸ sau khi kÕt thóc hay
Impact ~ : §¸nh
gi¸ t¸c ®éng.
Excellence (n)
Sù xuÊt s¾c. Center of ~ : Trung t©m tri thøc hay c«ng nghÖ tiªn tiÕn.
Exchange (n)
Trao ®æi, hèi ®o¸i. Cultural ~ : Trao ®æi v¨n ho¸; ~ market: ThÞ tr-êng
ngo¹i hèi; ~
rate: Tû gi¸ hèi ®o¸i.
Exchange
control regulations (n) Quy chÕ qu¶n lý ngo¹i hèi.
Exclusion (n)
Sù lo¹i bá, ruång bá. Social ~ : (T×nh tr¹ng) bÞ x· héi ruång bá, bÞ g¹t ra
ngoµi lÒ x· héi
(Also social marginalization).
Executing
agency: C¬ quan ®iÒu hµnh, chñ ®Çu t- (cña mét dù ¸n hay ch-¬ng tr×nh) .
Executing
arrangements: C¸ch tæ chøc ®iÒu hµnh (cña mét dù ¸n hay ch-¬ng tr×nh).
Execution (n)
Sù ®iÒu hµnh (i.e. the management of a UNDP-funded project which
includes
accountability for the effective use of UNDP resources). National execution:
Ph-¬ng thøc
quèc gia ®iÒu hµnh dù ¸n.
Exit strategy
(n) ChiÕn l-îc, kÕ ho¹ch rót lui (i.e. a plan for phasing out external
assistance).
Exogenous (adj)
Ngo¹i sinh.
Expendable
equipment (n) ThiÕt bÞ tiªu hao.
Expenditure (n)
Chi tiªu. Public ~ : Chi tiªu c«ng céng; Public ~ management:
Qu¶n lý chi
tiªu c«ng céng; Public ~ review: KiÓm ®iÓm chi tiªu c«ng céng.
Expert (n)
Chuyªn gia (Hence, Expertise kiÕn thøc chuyªn s©u).
Export (n) XuÊt
khÈu; ~ earnings: Thu nhËp tõ xuÊt khÈu; ~ promotion: Xóc tiÕn xuÊt
khÈu; ~ quota:
H¹n ng¹ch xuÊt khÈu; ~ value: Kim ng¹ch xuÊt khÈu.
Export
processing zone (n) Khu chÕ xuÊt.
Export-oriented
(adj) Theo ®Þnh h-íng xuÊt khÈu (e.g. An ~ economy, industry).
Exposure (n)
TiÕp xóc, tiÕp cËn víi (e.g. ~ to international experiences: TiÕp xóc, tiÕp
cËn víi kinh
nghiÖm quèc tÕ).
Extended family
(n) Gia ®×nh më réng, gia ®×nh nhiÒu thÕ hÖ.
Extension (n)
KÐo dµi, gia h¹n. Contract ~ : Gian h¹n hîp ®ång, triÓn h¹n hîp ®ång;
Project ~ : Gia
h¹n dù ¸n, kÐo dµi dù ¸n.
Extensive (adj)
Réng vÒ diÖn tÝch, lín vÒ sè l-îng. ~ farming: Qu¶ng canh; ~ growth:
Sù t¨ng tr-ëng
dùa vµo khai th¸c tµi nguyªn (i.e. economic growth based on extensive
exploitation of
resources).
Externality (n)
Ngo¹i øng, yÕu tè ngo¹i lai (i.e. a benefit or cost falling on a third party
who normally
cannot pay or be compensated for it through the martket mechanism).
Extrabudgetary
(adj) Ngoµi ng©n s¸ch. ~ expenditure: Kho¶n chi tiªu ngoµi ng©n
s¸ch; ~ income:
Thu nhËp ngoµi ng©n s¸ch.
F
Face value (n)
Gi¸ trÞ danh nghÜa (e.g. to take something for its ~ : ChÊp nhËn, nh×n
nhËn mét c¸i g×
theo gi¸ trÞ danh nghÜa cña nã).
Facilitate (v)
T¹o dÔ dµng, dÉn d¾t (e.g. to ~ a workshop, seminar, policy dialogue).
Facilitating
(adj) T¹o dÔ dµng… (e.g. To play a ~ role in the training course: §ãng vai
trß lµ ng-êi
dÉn d¾t trong kho¸ ®µo t¹o).
Facilitation
(n) T¹o thuËn lîi (e.g. Business, investment ~ : T¹o ®iÒu kiÖn thuËn lîi cho
th-¬ng m¹i vµ
®Çu t-). Trade ~ : ThuËn lîi ho¸ th-¬ng m¹i.
Facilitator (n)
Ng-êi dÉn d¾t, ng-êi ®ãng vai trß trung gian, ng-êi hç trî (e.g. The
consultant
served as a ~ for the training workshop).
Factor (n) YÕu
tè. ~ market : ThÞ tr-êng c¸c yÕu tè s¶n suÊt.
Factors of
production (n) C¸c yÕu tè s¶n suÊt (i.e. land, labour, capital, natural
resources...
that combine to produce goods and services).
Familiar with
(adj) Quen biÕt, am hiÓu, thÊu hiÓu (e.g. To be ~ Vietnamese economic
and political
conditions: Am hiÓu ®iÒu kiÖn kinh tÕ vµ chÝnh trÞ ë ViÖt Nam
Familiarity with
(n) Sù am hiÓu, sù thÊu hiÓu.
Family (n) Gia
®×nh. ~ environment: M«i tr-êng trong gia ®×nh; extended ~ : Gia ®×nh
më réng (gåm
nhiÒu thÕ hÖ sèng chung); ~ farm: Trang tr¹i gia ®×nh; nuclear ~ : Gia
®×nh h¹t nh©n
(gåm cha mÑ vµ c¸c con).
Family planning
(n) KÕ ho¹ch ho¸ gia ®×nh. ~ services: DÞch vô kÕ ho¹ch ho¸ gia ®×nh.
Family-based
(adj) Dùa theo hé, gia ®×nh (e.g. A ~ farming system: HÖ thèng canh t¸c
dùa vµo hé gia
®×nh).
Farm (n) N«ng
tr¹i. On-farm (adj) Trªn ®ång ruéng, liªn quan ®Õn n«ng nghiÖp (e.g.
~ employment);
Off-farm (adj) Phi n«ng nghiÖp (e.g. ~ income generating activities).
Farmer (n)
Ng-êi n«ng d©n. ~ network analysis: Ph©n tÝch m¹ng l-íi n«ng d©n.
Farming (n)
Canh t¸c. Dry ~ : (Ph-¬ng ph¸p) canh t¸c trªn ®Êt kh« h¹n; Extensive ~ : Qu¶ng
canh; Intensive ~ : Th©m canh; Mixed ~ : Xen canh; Organic ~ : Ph-¬ng ph¸p canh
t¸c s¹ch, canh t¸c h÷u c¬ (kh«ng sö dông ho¸ chÊt mµ chØ sö dông c¸c chÊt h÷u
c¬).
Farming systems
(n) C¸c hÖ thèng canh t¸c. ~ research: Nghiªn cøu vÒ c¸c hÖ thèng canh t¸c.
Farming
techniques (n) Kü thuËt canh t¸c.
Feasibility
study (n) Nghiªn cøu kh¶ thi (i.e. a way to determine whether a solution is
achievable,
given the organization’s resources and constraints).
Feedback (n) ý
kiÕn ph¶n håi, sù håi ©m (i.e. the use of information produced at one stage in
a series of operations as input at another stage). ~ mechanism: C¬ chÕ cung cÊp
th«ng tin ph¶n håi; A bottom-up ~ mechanism: C¬ chÕ cung cÊp th«ng tin ph¶n håi
tõ c¬ së.
Fellowship (n)
§µo t¹o theo häc bæng. Hence, Fellowship holder: Ng-êi ®-îc cÊp häc
bæng; ~
training programme: Ch-¬ng tr×nh ®µo t¹o theo häc bæng.
Female head of
household (n) Chñ hé lµ n÷.
Female-headed
household (n) Hé do phô n÷ lµm chñ hé (Xem thªm Woman).
Fertility (n)
Kh¶ n¨ng sinh ®Î, møc sinh (e.g. drop, decline or fall in ~ : Gi¶m møc sinh).
Fertility rate
(n) Tû suÊt sinh. Age-specific ~ : Tû suÊt sinh ®Æc tr-ng theo løa tuæi;
Crude ~ : Tû
suÊt sinh th«; Fecundity ~ : Tû suÊt sinh tiÒm n¨ng; Marital ~ : Tû suÊt
sinh trong gi¸
thó; Natural ~ : Tû suÊt sinh tù nhiªn; Total ~ : Tæng tû suÊt sinh (i.e the
number of
childdren that a woman would have, hypothetically, during her lifetime if
current
age-specific fertility rates were to persist).
Field (n) Thùc
®Þa (e.g. A ~ level activity: Ho¹t ®éng ¬ cÊp thùc ®Þa; A ~ visit: ChuyÕn ®i
th¨m thùc ®Þa;
A ~ worker: Ng-êi lµm viÖc trªn thùc ®Þa).
Field (v) TriÓn
khai trªn thùc ®Þa (e.g. To ~ a consultant mission: §-a ®oµn chuyªn gia
t- vÊn ®Õn thùc
®Þa).
Financial assistance
(n) ViÖn trî tµi chÝnh (i.e. all bilateral or multilateral financial
flows,
excluding the cost of technical cooperation. It is sometimes called capital
aid, and
includes both
project and non-project aid).
Financial
closure (n) Kho¸ sæ tµi chÝnh, kÕt thóc vÒ tµi chÝnh (e.g. The ~ of a project:
KÕt thóc dù ¸n
vÒ tµi chÝnh, kho¸ sæ tµi chÝnh cña dù ¸n).
Financial
management information system (n) HÖ thèng th«ng tin qu¶n lý tµi chÝnh.
Finnish
Department of International Development Cooperation (FINNIDA): C¬
quan Hîp t¸c
Ph¸t triÓn Quèc tÕ PhÇn Lan.
Fiscal (adj)
Thuéc vÒ ng©n s¸ch, thuéc vÒ tµi kho¸. ~ balance: C©n ®èi ng©n s¸ch;
~ deficit: Th©m
hôt ng©n s¸ch; ~ expenditure: Chi tiªu ng©n s¸ch; ~ policy: ChÝnh
s¸ch tµi kho¸;
~ revenue: Thu ng©n s¸ch; ~ year: N¨m tµi kho¸.
Flood (n) Lò
lôt. Flash ~ : Lò quÐt; ~ peak: §Ønh lò; ~ trough: Ch©n lò.
Follow up on
(v) TriÓn khai tiÕp theo (e.g. to ~ the implementation of the decisions
taken by the
monthly Government Meeting).
Follow-up (n)
TriÓn khai tiÕp theo (e.g. To plan ~ activities after the World Summit on
Social
Development: Lªn kÕ ho¹ch ho¹t ®éng sau Héi nghÞ th-îng ®Ønh thÕ giíi vÒ ph¸t
triÓn x· héi).
Food (n) L-¬ng
thùc, thùc phÈm.
Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Tæ chøc L-¬ng
thùc vµ N«ng
nghiÖp LHQ, thµnh lËp n¨m 1945. T«n chØ cña FAO lµ n©ng cao møc dinh
d-ìng vµ møc
sèng cña nh©n d©n thÕ giíi, c¶i tiÕn s¶n xuÊt vµ ph©n phèi n«ng phÈm vµ
l-¬ng thùc, vµ
c¶i thiÖn ®iÒu kiÖn sèng cña c¸c nhãm d©n c- n«ng th«n.
Food deficiency
(n) (T×nh tr¹ng) thiÕu l-¬ng thùc. Hence, Food deficient (adj): ThiÕu
l-¬ng thùc
(e.g. Viet Nam
Food for works
(n) L-¬ng thùc phôc vô x©y dùng c«ng tr×nh (i.e. an aid modality used
by the World Food
Programme to finance development projects by providing food to
people who take
part in such projects).
Food insecurity
(n) T×nh tr¹ng thiÕu an ninh l-¬ng thùc.
Food relief (n)
Cøu trî l-¬ng thùc.
Food safety (n)
An toµn thùc phÈm.
Food security
(n) An ninh l-¬ng thùc (e.g. World Summit on ~ : Héi nghÞ th-îng ®Ønh
ThÕ giíi vÒ An
ninh l-¬ng thùc)
Foreign
investment (n) §Çu t- cña n-íc ngoµi. Hence, Foreign investor: Nhµ ®Çu tư n-íc ngoµi; Foreign direct investment:
§Çu t- trùc tiÕp cña n-íc ngoµi (FDI).
Forestry (n)
L©m nghiÖp. Social ~ : L©m nghiÖp x· héi.
Forestry
extension (n) KhuyÕn l©m. ~ extension worker: Ng-êi lµm c«ng t¸c khuyÕn l©m.
Formulate (v)
So¹n th¶o, x©y dùng (e.g. To ~ a policy, project). Hence, Formulator (n)
Ng-êi x©y dùng,
ng-êi so¹n th¶o (e.g. the ~ of a project).
Formulation (n)
(ViÖc) so¹n th¶o, x©y dùng (e.g. the ~ of a policy). Project ~ : X©y
dùng dù ¸n.
Forward-looking
(adj) H-íng tíi t-¬ng lai, ®èi lËp víi Backward-looking (e.g. The
analysis should
be ~ : ViÖc ph©n tÝch cÇn h-íng vÒ t-¬ng lai).
Free (adj) Tù
do, kh«ng ph¶i tr¶ tiÒn. ~ exchange rate: Tû gi¸ hèi ®o¸i tù do; ~ goods,
services: Hµng
ho¸, dÞch vô miÔn phÝ.
Free market (n)
ThÞ tr-êng tù do. ~ market economy: NÒn kinh tÕ thÞ tr-êng tù do.
Free trade (n)
Tù do th-¬ng m¹i. ~ trade area: Khu vùc th-¬ng m¹i tù do.
Free-standing
(adj) §éc lËp (®Ó ph©n biÖt víi Investment-related). ~ technical
assistance: Trî
gióp kü thuËt ®éc lËp (i.e. assistance that is provided for institutional
development,
capacity building or, more broadly, for any purpose that is not directly
related to an
investment project).
Friendly (adj)
H÷u nghÞ, th©n thiÖn víi, quan t©m ®Õn, tiÖn lîi; Child-friendly: Hç trî
cho trÎ em;
Environmentally-friendly: Th©n thiÖn víi m«i tr-êng; User-friendly: TiÖn
lîi cho ng-êi
sö dông.
Full time (adj)
Chuyªn tr¸ch (e.g. ~ job, post: C«ng viÖc, chøc danh chuyªn tr¸ch).
Functional
literacy (n) BiÕt ch÷ hµnh dông.
Funding
instruments (n) Ph-¬ng thøc cung cÊp tµi trî (i.e. modalities to provide aid
whereby each
has different management structures, accounting arrangements and
conditions
attached. These often refer to programme aid and project aid).
Fungibility (n)
(e.g. the fact that donor funding provided to a project that the
Government
would have undertaken anyway (even if donor funding were not available)
has the effect
of freeing Government resources to be used for other purposes. Hence, the
total effect of
donor support depends on how the Government uses these freed resources
and not on the
specific project against which the ODA is formally earmarked).
G
Gap (n) Kho¶ng
c¸ch, sù chªnh lÖch (e.g growing ~ between the rich and the poor:
Kho¶ng c¸ch
ngµy cµng t¨ng gi÷a ng-êi giµu vµ ng-êi nghÌo); sù thiÕu hôt (e.g. the
information,
knowledge ~ : sù thiÕu hôt th«ng tin, tri thøc).
Gender (n) Giíi
(i.e. a concept that is defined to refer to the interaction between and
socially constructed roles of men and women. Hence, ~ is different from Sex
giíi tÝnh). (Xem thªm Sex).
Gender analysis
(n) Ph©n tÝch vÒ giíi (i.e. the process of analyzing information to ensure that
development resources and benefits are effectively and equitably targeted to
both women and men).
Gender and
Development (GAD) Giíi vµ ph¸t triÓn (i.e. an approach developed in the 1980’s,
with the objective of removing disparities in social, economic and political
equality between women and men as a pre-condition for achieving people-centered
development). Xem thªm Women in Development.
Gender
awareness (n) NhËn thøc vÒ giíi (i.e. the awareness of the needs to create
equal
opportunities
for women and men in development activities).
Gender blind
(adj) Mï vÒ giíi, kh«ng quan t©m ®Õn vÊn ®Ò giíi (e.g. A ~ policy, project).
Gender-blindness
(n) (Sù) mï vÒ giíi, kh«ng quan t©m ®Õn vÊn ®Ò giíi (i.e. the failure to
realize that development policies, plans, activities can have different effects
on men and women).
Gender
disparity (n) BÊt b×nh ®¼ng vÒ giíi.
Gender equality
(n) B×nh ®¼ng vÒ giíi (i.e. women and men have equal conditions for realizing
their full human potential as well as equal opportunities for participating in,
contributing to and benefiting from national, political, economic, social and
cultural development gains).
Gender equity
(n) C«ng b»ng vÒ giíi.
Gender
mainstreaming (n) Lång ghÐp vÊn ®Ò giíi (i.e. the systematic integration of
gender equality objectives into development policies, plans, activities... to
ensure that both women and men equally participate in and benefit from
development).
Gender needs
(n) Nhu cÇu vÒ giíi, gåm hai lo¹i: Practical gender needs vµ Strategic gender needs.
Gender planning
(n) LËp kÕ ho¹ch vÒ giíi (i.e. the process of planning development
policies,
plans, activities that are gender sensitive and which take into account the
impact
of differing
gender roles and gender needs of women and men).
Gender
relations (n) Quan hÖ vÒ giíi.
Gender roles
(n) Vai trß vÒ giíi (i.e. learned behaviours in a given society or community
that condition which activities, tasks and responsibilities are perceived as
male and female. Hence, ~ are dynamic and changing over time). ~ bao gåm ba
khÝa c¹nh lµ reproductive role, productive role vµ community participation
role.
Gender
sensitive (adj) Nh¹y c¶m vÒ giíi (e.g. A ~ agricultural policy: Mét chÝnh s¸ch
n«ng nghiÖp
nh¹y c¶m vÒ giíi).
General budget
support (n) Hç trî ng©n s¸ch (i.e. a form of programme aid that is provided by
the IMF and that is is similar to the balance of payments support, except for
the fact that its conditionality is focused on the use of donor funds within
the recipient government's budget rather than balance of payments issues).
Generate (v)
T¹o ra, sinh ra (e.g. ~ employment, income: T¹o viÖc lµm, t¹o thu nhËp).
Generation (n)
T¹o ra, sinh ra. Employment ~ : T¹o viÖc lµm; Income ~ : T¹o thu nhËp.
Generic (ad)
Thuéc vÒ di truyÒn, phæ biÕn cho c¶ loµi. ~ characteristics: C¸c tÝnh chÊt
phæ biÕn.
Hence, Generically (adv) Mang tÝnh phæ biÕn.
Genetic (n)
Thuéc vÒ nguån gien. ~ engineering: C«ng nghÖ gien; ~ resources: C¸c
nguån tµi
nguyªn vÒ gien.
Genetic
diversity (n) §a d¹ng di truyÒn, ®a d¹ng vÒ nguån gien.
Genetically
modified (adj) §-îc biÕn ®æi gien (e.g. ~ crops: C¸c c©y trång biÕn ®æi
gien; ~
organisms: C¸c sinh vËt biÕn ®æi gien).
Geographic
information system (GIS) HÖ thèng th«ng tin ®Þa lý (i.e. a computerized
system for
entering, storing, handling, analysing and displaying data that can be drawn
from different
sources, both statistical and mapped).
German Agency
for Technical Cooperation (viÕt t¾t theo tiÕng §øc lµ GTZ): C¬ quan
Hîp t¸c Kü
thuËt CHLB §øc.
Gini
coefficient or Gini index (n) HÖ sè Gini (i.e. a measurement of the inequality
in income distribution, whereby 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents
perfect inequality).
Global
Environmental Facility (n) Quü m«i tr-êng toµn cÇu (i.e. a facility which was
initially set
up by the World Bank in 1991 and later endorsed by UNDP and UNEP, to
provide
additional grant and concessional funding for the achievement of agreed global
environmental
benefits).
Global warming
(n) HiÖn t-îng nãng lªn cña tr¸i ®Êt.
Globalization
(n) Toµn cÇu ho¸ (i.e. the increasing integration of world production,
commerce, communications, finance, social life and other related aspects). ~
process: Qu¸ tr×nh toµn cÇu ho¸. ~ of finance, trade, communications: Toµn cÇu
ho¸ vÒ tµi chÝnh, th-¬ng m¹i, th«ng tin.
Governance (n)
§iÒu hµnh quèc gia, qu¶n lý quèc gia (i.e. the exercise of economic, political
and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels). §«i
khi Governance ®-îc sö dông ®Ó thay thÕ cho Management khi cÇn nhÊn m¹nh tÝnh
toµn diÖn cña c«ng t¸c qu¶n lý (e.g. Economic ~ ; Environmental ~ ). Hence,
Good governance: §iÒu hµnh quèc gia tèt (i.e. the ideal situation where a
country is well governed in the widest possible public interest).
Government-led
(adj) Do ChÝnh phñ chñ ®¹o, do ChÝnh phñ chñ tr× (e.g. ~ aid coordination
activities: C¸c ho¹t ®éng ®iÒu phèi viÖn trî do ChÝnh phñ chñ ®¹o).
Grace period
(n) Giai ®o¹n ho·n tr¶ nî, ©n h¹n (i.e. the period at the beginning of the
term of a loan
during which no amortization payments are required).
Grant (n) ViÖn
trî kh«ng hoµn l¹i, also Grant aid, grant assistance (i.e. financial
assistance and
the cost of technical cooperation, provided as a gift. Grants may be made
bilaterally or
as contributions to international organizations with development assistance
programmes). On
a ~ basis: Trªn c¬ së viÖn trî cho kh«ng.
Grant element
(n) YÕu tè kh«ng hoµn l¹i, thµnh tè hç trî (i.e. a measure of the extent to which
the terms of a loan are below the normal commercial rates at the time, with
regard to interest rate, maturity and grace period). Xem thªm Official
development assistance.
Grassroots (n)
CÊp c¬ së (e.g. ~ organizations: C¸c tæ chøc ë cÊp c¬ së).
Grassroots
democracy (n) D©n chñ c¬ së. ~ Decree: NghÞ ®Þnh (cña ChÝnh phñ) vÒ
thùc hiÖn quy
chÕ d©n chñ c¬ së.
Green account
(n) Tµi kho¶n xanh. Hence, ~ acounting (n) KÕ to¸n xanh.
Green
revolution (n) Cuéc c¸ch m¹ng xanh (i.e. the promotion of high-yielding cereal
crops in the
60's and 70's).
Green sector
(n) .................. (i.e. environmental issues that relate to forests and
bio-
diversity).
Greenhouse
effect (n) HiÖu øng nhµ kÝnh (i.e. the warming of the atmostphere due to the
absorption of
certain gases called “greenhouse gases”).
Greenhouse
gases (n) C¸c chÊt khÝ g©y hiÖu øng nhµ kÝnh (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, cholorofluorocarbons or CFCs).
Grey sector (n)
.............. (i.e. environmental issues that relate to education, awareness
raising and
capacity building for environmental management).
Gross domestic
product (GDP) (n) Tæng s¶n phÈm quèc néi (i.e the total output of goods and
services for final use produced by an economy by both residents and
non-residents, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims).
Gross national
product (GNP) (n) Tæng s¶n phÈm quèc d©n (GNP comprises GDP plus net factor
income from abroad which is the income residents receive from abroad for factor
services, less similar payments made to non-residents who contribute to the
domestic economy).
Growth (n) Sù
t¨ng tr-ëng. Balanced ~ : T¨ng tr-ëng c©n ®èi; Broad-based ~ : T¨ng
tr-ëng trªn
diÖn réng; Export-led ~ : T¨ng tr-ëng dùa vµo xuÊt khÈu; ~ pole: Cùc t¨ng
tr-ëng; ~
potential: TiÒm n¨ng t¨ng tr-ëng; ~ rate: Tû lÖ t¨ng tr-ëng.
Growth model
(n) M« h×nh t¨ng tr-ëng. New ~ : M« h×nh míi vÒ t¨ng tr-ëng (i.e. a
model
characterized by a set of new assumptions whereby economic growth depends
largely on
technological innovation and the aaccumulation of human capitalas well
public goods
and infrastructure); Old ~ : M« h×nh cæ ®iÓn vÒ t¨ng tr-ëng (i.e. a model
chatacterized
by a set of traditional assumptions whereby economic growth depends
largely on
constant refurns on production, capital, labour and technical progress).
Growth theory
(n) Lý thuyÕt t¨ng tr-ëng. New ~ : Lý thuyÕt míi vÒ t¨ng tr-ëng (i.e. an
attempt to understand the role of knowledge and technology in driving
productivity and economic growth).
Growth with
equity (n) T¨ng tr-ëng ®i ®«i víi b×nh ®¼ng.
H
Habitat (n) N¬i
sinh sèng, n¬i ë.
Habitat
management area (n) Khu b¶o tån sinh c¶nh.
Handicapped
(adj) BÞ tµn tËt (e.g. ~ children). The handicapped: Nh÷ng ng-êi bÞ tµn tËt.
Harmonization (n)
Lµm hµi hoµ, dung hoµ (e.g. The ~ of donor and government procedures: Lµm hµi
hoµ thñ tôc cña nhµ tµi trî vµ thñ tôc cña ChÝnh phñ).
Harmonize (v)
Lµm hµi hoµ, dung hoµ (e.g. to ~ international and national regulations).
Heavily
Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative (n) S¸ng kiÕn gi¶m nî cho c¸c n-íc
nghÌo (i.e. an initiative proposed by WB/IMF in 1996 and agreed by creditor
countries to help the most heavily indebted countries to obtain debt relief).
Heritage (n) Di
s¶n (e.g. Ha Long Bay is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage).
cultural ~ : Di
s¶n v¨n ho¸; environmental ~ : Di s¶n m«i tr-êng; intangible ~ : Di s¶n phi vËt
thÓ; natural ~ : Di s¶n tù nhiªn; tangible ~ : Di s¶n vËt thÓ; traditional ~ :
Di s¶n truyÒn thèng.
Heritage conservation
(n) B¶o tån di s¶n.
Heritage
criteria (n) C¸c tiªu chÝ chän di s¶n.
Heritage
economics (n) Kinh tÕ häc di s¶n
Heritage
interpretation (n) ThuyÕt minh di s¶n.
High income
country (n) N-íc cã thu nhËp cao (i.e. a country with an annual per capita
income of more
than US$ 9,385 in 1995).
High risk (n)
Nguy c¬ cao. ~ behaviour (n) Hµnh vi cã nguy c¬ cao; ~ group (n)
Nhãm cã nguy c¬
cao.
High technology
(n) C«ng nghÖ cao.
High yielding
variety (n) Gièng t¨ng s¶n, gièng cã n¨ng suÊt cao.
HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus): Vi-rót g©y suy gi¶m miÔn dÞch ë ng-êi.
HIV/AIDS
endemic: DÞch bÖnh HIV/AIDS; HIV-negative: HIV ©m tÝnh, chøng tá ch-a
nhiÔm HIV;
HIV-positive: HIV d-¬ng tÝnh, chøng tá ®· nhiÔm HIV.
HIV testing (n)
XÐt nghiÖm HIV. Anonymous ~ : XÐt nghiÖm HIV dÊu tªn;
Confidential ~
: XÐt nghiÖm HIV ®-îc gi÷ kÝn; Mandatory ~ : XÐt nghiÖm HIV b¾t buéc;
Rapid ~ : XÐt
nghiÖm HIV nhanh; Voluntary ~ : XÐt nghiÖm HIV tù nguyÖn; ~ with
informed
consent: XÐt nghiÖm HIV cã sù -ng thuËn sau khi ®· ®-îc th«ng tin ®Çy ®ñ.
Holistic (adj)
Mang tÝnh tæng hîp. A ~ approach: Ph-¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn tæng hîp.
Home-based drug
treatment (n) Cai nghiÖn t¹i nhµ.
Household (n)
Hé. ~ head: Chñ hé; size: Sè nh©n khÈu trong hé, quy m« hé.
Household economy
(n) Kinh tÕ hé gia ®×nh.
Household
living standards survey (n) §iÒu tra møc sèng hé gia ®×nh.
Human capital
(n) Nguån vèn con ng-êi (e.g. knowledge, skills, information).
Human
development (n) Ph¸t triÓn con ng-êi (i.e. the process of enlarging people’s
choices; these
choices can be infinite and change over time, but the three essential ones
are for people
to lead a long/healthy life, to acquire knowledge/skills and to have access
to resources
needed for a decent standard of living).
Human development
index (n) ChØ sè ph¸t triÓn con ng-êi (i.e. an index introduced by
UNDP as an
alternative to GDP to measure economic and social progress. HDI includes
life
expectancy, adult literacy, years of schooling and GDP per capita measured at
Purchasing
Power Parity).
Human
Development Report: B¸o c¸o Ph¸t triÓn Con ng-êi (i.e. a report published
annually by
UNDP since 1990, each often discussing a major global development theme,
e.g. economic
growth and human development in 1996, poverty eradication in 1997,
consumption
patterns in 1998, globalization in 1999, human rights in development in
2000, new
technologies for human development in 2001).
Human poverty
(n) T×nh tr¹ng nghÌo tæng hîp. Kh«ng chØ cã nghÜa lµ thu nhËp thÊp,
kh¸i niÖm Human
poverty nhÊn m¹nh t×nh tr¹ng con ng-êi bÞ t-íc ®o¹t nh÷ng c¬ héi vµ
®iÒu kiÖn c¬
b¶n nhÊt cho sù ph¸t triÓn cña m×nh, nh-
tuæi thä vµ møc
sèng hîp lý, quyÒn tù do vµ nh©n phÈm.
Human resources
(n) Nguån nh©n lùc (i.e the population seen from the point of view of
the
contribution they make to development).
Human resources
development (n): Ph¸t triÓn nguån nh©n lùc (i.e. training and education to
create a workforce capable of meeting the needs of a nationa, a particular sector
or a given organization).
Human rights
(n) C¸c quyÒn con ng-êi (i.e. the range of entitlements that are universal in
character and extend to all human beings. These are commonly seen as consisting
of (a) civil and political rights and (b) economic, social and cultural
rights). Universal Declaration of ~ : Tuyªn ng«n Nh©n quyÒn (i.e. a declaration
on human rights that was jointly issued in 1948 by members of the United
Nations System).
Humanitarian
aid (n) ViÖn trî nh©n ®¹o.
Hunger (n) §ãi.
Chronic ~ : T×nh tr¹ng ®ãi kinh niªn; ~ eradication, elimination: Xo¸ ®ãi.
Hunting reserve
(n) Khu dù tr÷ s¨n b¾n.
Hyperinflation
(n) Siªu l¹m ph¸t.
I
ICT
(information and communications technology, i.e. the range of new digitally-
based
technologies that capture, store, process, communicate and disply information,
such as
internet, TV, radio, mobile phones, etc… ): C«ng nghÖ th«ng tin vµ truyÒn
th«ng.
~ for
development: C«ng nghÖ th«ng tin vµ truyÒn th«ng phôc vô ph¸t triÓn,
Identification
(n) Sù x¸c ®Þnh, nhËn diÖn. Project ~ : X¸c ®Þnh hay nhËn diÖn dù ¸n.
Identify (v)
X¸c ®Þnh, nhËn diÖn (e.g. To ~ problems, ideas for future projects: X¸c ®Þnh
vÊn ®Ò, ý t-ëng
cho c¸c dù ¸n trong t-¬ng lai).
Immediate
objective (n) Môc tiªu trùc tiÕp (i.e. the objective that should be reached
within the life
of a project).
Immunization
(n) Tiªm chñng. Expanded ~ programme: Ch-¬ng tr×nh tiªm chñng më
réng;
Universial child ~ programme: Ch-¬ng tr×nh tiªm chñng phæ cËp cho trÎ em.
Immunization
coverage (n) DiÖn tiªm chñng (i.e. the percentage of children under one
year old
receiving antigens used in the Universal Child Immunization Programme).
Impact (n) T¸c
®éng (i.e. the result of a project in relation to the development objectives or
long-term goals originally set out for it). ~ analysis: Ph©n tÝch t¸c ®éng; ~
evaluation, assessment: §¸nh gi¸ t¸c ®éng.
Impact on (v)
T¸c ®éng ®Õn (e.g. There are emerging problems which will ~ the well-being of
the poor at the local level).
Implementation
(n) Thùc hiÖn. Project ~ : Thùc hiÖn dù ¸n.
Implementation
rate (also Delivery rate): Tû lÖ vèn thùc hiÖn (i.e. expenditure in a given
year expressed as a percentage of the maximum level of the approved budget to
be reached for that year).
Implementing
agency (n) C¬ quan thùc hiÖn dù ¸n, chñ dù ¸n.
Implementing
arrangements (n) C¸ch tæ chøc thùc hiÖn dù ¸n.
Import (n) NhËp
khÈu. ~ quota: H¹n ng¹ch nhËp khÈu; ~ value: Kim ng¹ch nhËp khÈu.
Import
substitution policy (n) ChÝnh s¸ch thay thÕ nhËp khÈu.
Incentive (adj)
BiÖn ph¸p khuyÕn thÝch, vËt khuyÕn khÝch. Direct ~ : BiÖn ph¸p khuyÕn khÝch
trùc tiÕp; Economic ~ : BiÖn ph¸p khuyÕn khÝch kinh tÕ; Indirect: BiÖn ph¸p
khuyÕn khÝch gi¸n tiÕp.
Incentive
payments system (n) HÖ thèng thanh to¸n khuyÕn khÝch.
Inception
report (n) B¸o c¸o ban ®Çu (e.g. a project ~ : B¸o c¸o ban ®Çu cña dù ¸n).
Income (n) Thu
nhËp. Assessable ~ : Thu nhËp chÞu thuÕ (Also Taxable ~ );
Corporate ~ :
Thu nhËp c«ng ty; Disposable ~ : Thu nhËp kh¶ dông (sau khi ®¸nh
thuÕ); Earned ~
: Thu nhËp tõ lao ®éng; Personal ~ : Thu nhËp c¸ nh©n; Unearned ~ :
Thu nhËp kh«ng
ph¶i tõ lao ®éng (vÝ dô tõ xæ sè, kiÒu hèi).
Income
distribution (n) Ph©n phèi thu nhËp.
Income
generation (n) T¹o thu nhËp.
Income tax (n)
ThuÕ thu nhËp.
Incorporate (v)
Lång ghÐp, s¸t nhËp (e.g. To ~ gender issues into the policy making
process: Lång
ghÐp c¸c vÊn ®Ò giíi vµo qu¸ tr×nh ho¹ch ®Þnh chÝnh s¸ch).
Incorporation
(n) Sù lång ghÐp (e.g. ~ of environmental considerations into the investment
planning process: Lång ghÐp c¸c vÊn ®Ò m«i tr-êng vµo qu¸ tr×nh lËp kÕ ho¹ch
®Çu tư).
Increasing rate
of returns to scale (n) Tû lÖ sinh lîi gia t¨ng theo quy m«.
Incremental
cost (n) Chi phÝ gia t¨ng.
Incur (v) Thùc
hiÖn (viÖc chi tiªu). (e.g. To ~ an expenditure: Thùc hiÖn mét kho¶n chi).
Indebted (adj)
M¾c nî (e.g. A heavily ~ country: N-íc bÞ m¾c nî nhiÒu).
Indebtedness
(n) T×nh tr¹ng m¾c nî.
Indicative
(adj) Mang tÝnh ®Þnh h-íng, mang tÝnh h-íng dÉn. ~ budget allocation: Dù
kiÕn ph©n bæ
ng©n s¸ch; ~ planning (n) LËp kÕ ho¹ch ®Þnh h-íng.
Indicator (n)
Tiªu chÝ (i.e. a signal that helps to measure change in terms of quantity,
quality and timeliness). Qualitative ~ : Tiªu chÝ ®Þnh tÝnh; Quantitative ~ :
Tiªu chÝ ®Þnh l-îng; Quantifiable ~ : Tiªu chÝ cã thÓ l-îng ho¸ ®-îc;
Measurable ~ : Tiªu chÝ cã thÓ ®o l-îng ®-îc.
Indigenous
(adj) B¶n xø, b¶n ®Þa. ~ experiences, initiatives: Kinh nghiÖm, s¸ng kiÕn
b¶n ®Þa; ~
people: Ng-êi d©n b¶n ®Þa.
Indigeneous
knowledge: KiÕn thøc b¶n ®Þa, kiÕn thøc ®Þa ph-¬ng (i.e. knowledge that
develops in a particular area and accumulates over time through being handed
down from generation to generation)
Individual
(adj) Thuéc vÒ c¸ nh©n. ~ capacity: N¨ng lùc c¸ nh©n (kh¸c víi institutional
capacity); ~ level: CÊp ®é c¸ nh©n (kh¸c víi institutional level).
Industrial
(adj) Thuéc vÒ c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial
crops (n) C©y c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial
development (n) Ph¸t triÓn c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial
economics (n) Kinh tÕ häc c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial
extension (n) KhuyÕn c«ng.
Industrial
integration (n) Héi nhËp c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial
investment (n) §Çu tư c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial
management (n) Qu¶n lý c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial park
(n) Khu c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial
policy and planning (n) ChÝnh s¸ch vµ quy ho¹ch c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial
pollutants and wastes (n) ChÊt g©y « nhiÔm vµ chÊt th¶i c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial
pollution (n) ¤ nhiÔm c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrial
property rights (n) QuyÒn së h÷u tµi s¶n c«ng nghiÖp.
Industrialization
(n) C«ng nghiÖp ho¸. Export-led ~ : C«ng nghiÖp ho¸ theo h-íng xuÊt khÈu;
Import-substituting ~ : C«ng nghiÖp ho¸ ®Ó thay thÕ nhËp khÈu; ~ and
modernization strategy: ChiÕn l-îc c«ng nghiÖp ho¸ vµ hiÖn ®¹i ho¸.
Inequality (n)
T×nh tr¹ng, sù bÊt b×nh ®¼ng.
Inertia (n) Sù
tr× trÖ, søc × (e.g. The initial ~ in the disbursement of ODA resources: T×nh
tr¹ng tr× trÖ
ban ®Çu trong viÖc gi¶i ng©n nguån vèn ODA).
Infant industry
(n) (Ngµnh) c«ng nghiÖp non trÎ.
Infant
mortality rate (n) Tû suÊt, tû lÖ tö vong ë trÎ s¬ sinh (i.e. the probability
of dying
between birth
and exactly one year of age times 1,000).
Infants with
low birth-weight (n) TrÎ s¬ sinh thiÕu c©n. Xem thªm Underweight.
Inflation (n)
L¹m ph¸t (i.e. a persisten rise in the general level of prices or alternatively
a persistent fall in the purchasing power of money). Demand pull ~ : L¹m ph¸t
do cÇu v-ît cung; Galloping ~ : L¹m ph¸t phi m·. ~ Hyper - ~ : Siªu l¹m ph¸t. ~
rate: Tû lÖ l¹m ph¸t.
Inflationary
(adj) Thuéc vÒ l¹m ph¸t. ~ Process: Qu¸ tr×nh l¹m ph¸t; ~ pressures: Søc Ðp l¹m
ph¸t; ~ spiral : Vßng xo¸y l¹m ph¸t (i.e. an inflationary situation which
encourages employees to demand higher wages which in turn increases cost of
production and hence prices increase even further).
Informal sector
(n) Khu vùc kinh tÕ kh«ng chÝnh quy (i.e. business outside the organized
sector of a
country's economy).
Informant (n)
Ng-êi cung cÊp th«ng tin (i.e. an individual who is respondent in an
interview).
Information (n)
Th«ng tin. ~ analysis: Ph©n tÝch th«ng tin; ~ dissemination: Phæ biÕn th«ng
tin; ~ exchange: Trao ®æi th«ng tin; ~ management: Qu¶n lý th«ng tin; ~ policy:
~ ChÝnh s¸ch th«ng thin; processing: Xö lý th«ng tin; ~ requirements: Nhu cÇu
th«ng tinh; ~ retrieval: Truy cËp th«ng tin; ~ sharing: Chia sÎ th«ng tin; ~
storage: L-u tr÷ th«ng tin; ~ superhighway: Xa lé th«ng tin; ~ systems: C¸c hÖ
thèng th«ng tin; ~ technology: C«ng nghÖ th«ng tin.
Informed (adj)
Cã ®ñ th«ng tin (e.g. To take ~ policy decisions: §-a ra nh÷ng quyÕt
s¸ch trªn c¬ së
th«ng tin ®Çy ®ñ).
Injecting drug
user (n) Ng-êi tiªm chÝch ma tuý.
Input - output
budgeting (n) Ph-¬ng ph¸p lËp ng©n s¸ch theo ®Çu vµo vµ ®Çu ra
(i.e. a
budgeting method that organizes outputs and inputs so that outputs can be
planned
and monitored
according to their respective costs).
Input (n) §Çu
vµo (i.e. personnel, goods and services that are used to carry out a project).
Institution (n)
§Þnh chÕ, thÓ chÕ. Market ~ s : C¸c ®Þnh chÕ thÞ tr-êng (nh- thÞ tr-êng vèn,
chøng kho¸n, tû gi¸ hèi ®o¸i...); State ~ s : C¸c thÓ chÕ Nhµ n-íc.
Institution
building (n) X©y dùng thÓ chÕ. An ~ project: Dù ¸n x©y dùng thÓ chÕ (i.e. a
project
designed to create or upgrade the capacity of an institution to produce certain
desired
services or products on a sustained basis).
Institutional
(adj) Thuéc vÒ thÓ chÕ. ~ framework: Khu«n khæ thÓ chÕ; ~ level: CÊp ®é
thÓ chÕ (kh¸c
víi individual ~ ); ~ capacity: N¨ng lùc thÓ chÕ (kh¸c víi individual ~ ).
Institutional
analysis (n) Ph©n tÝch thÓ chÕ (i.e. an analysis of the relationships between
the different
institutions and actors of an organization).
Institutional
memory (n) TrÝ nhí cña tæ chøc, bé nhí cña tæ chøc.
Institutionalization
(n) Sù thÓ chÕ ho¸ (e.g. The ~ of recommendations into concrete
policies: ViÖc
thÓ chÕ ho¸ c¸c khuyÕn nghÞ thµnh chÝnh s¸ch cô thÓ).
Institutionalize
(v) ThÓ chÕ ho¸ (e.g. To ~ resolutions of the National Assembly into
concrete
policies: ThÓ chÕ ho¸ c¸c nghÞ quyÕt cña Quèc héi thµnh chÝnh s¸ch cô thÓ).
Intangible
(adj) V« h×nh, phi vËt thÓ (e.g. ~ asset, value: Tµi s¶n, gÝa trÞ v« h×nh hoÆc
phi vËt thÓ); ~ cultural heritage: Di s¶n v¨n ho¸ phi vËt thÓ.
Integrate (v)
Lång ghÐp, g¾n kÕt, héi nhËp (e.g. To ~ environmental considerations into the
investment planning process: Lång ghÐp, g¾n kÕt c¸c vÊn ®Ò m«i tr-êng vµo qu¸
tr×nh lËp kÕ ho¹ch ®Çu t-; To ~ economically with the region: Héi nhËp kinh tÕ
víi khu vùc).
Integrated
(adj) Mang tÝnh tæng hîp, lång ghÐp. ~ approach: Ph-¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn tæng hîp,
lång ghÐp; ~ rural development: Ph¸t triÓn n«ng th«n tæng hîp.
Integrated pest
management (n) Qu¶n lý s©u bÖnh tæng hîp (i.e. a mixed strategy of selective
use of agro-chemicals, biological methods, genetic assistance and appropriate
management practices).
Integrated
pollution control (n) KiÓm so¸t « nhiÔm tæng hîp.
Integration (n)
Sù lång ghÐp, g¾n kÕt, héi nhËp (e.g. ~ with the world market: Héi nhËp víi thÞ
tr-êng thÕ giíi; ~ of environmental considerations into policy-making process
G¾n kÕt c¸c vÊn ®Ò m«i tr-êng vµo qu¸ tr×nh x©y dùng chÝnh s¸ch); International
and regional ~ : Héi nhËp quèc tÕ vµ khu vùc.
Integration
roadmap (n) Lé tr×nh héi nhËp.
Intensive (adj)
Chuyªn s©u, cã c-êng ®é lín. ~ farming: Th©m canh. Capital ~ : CÇn
nhiÒu vèn;
Labour ~ : CÇn nhiÒu lao ®éng.
Interact (v) Cã
quan hÖ t-¬ng hç, t¸c ®éng lÉn nhau. Hence, Interactive (adj) Mang
tÝnh chÊt t-¬ng
hç (e.g. an ~ relationship: Mèi quan hÖ t-¬ng hç, mèi quan hÖ qua l¹i).
Interaction (n)
Quan hÖ t-¬ng hç (e.g. the ~ between international consultants and
national
project personnel).
Inter-cropping
(n) Xen canh (e.g. ~ practices of farmers).
Interest (n)
Lîi Ých. ~ group: Nhãm lîi Ých; Vested ~ : Lîi Ých thiÕt th©n.
Inter-generational
equity (n) Principle of ~ : Nguyªn t¾c c«ng b»ng gi÷a c¸c thÕ hÖ
(i.e. a
sustainable development principle that requires that the needs of the present
are
met without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs).
Intern (n) Thùc
tËp sinh, ng-êi häc viÖc. Hence, Internship (n) Thùc tËp, häc viÖc.
Internal (adj)
Bªn trong, trong n-íc, néi t¹i. ~ cost: Chi phÝ néi t¹i; ~ labour market:
ThÞ tr-êng lao
®éng trong n-íc; ~ savings (also, domestic savings): Nguån tÝch luü
trong n-íc; ~
resources: Nguån lùc trong n-íc, néi lùc.
Internalization
(n) Néi ho¸, lång ghÐp vµo quy tr×nh néi bé, tÝnh gép vµo c¬ chÕ gi¸;
~ of
environmental costs: TÝnh gép chi phÝ m«i tr-êng (i.e. environmental costs of
an
activity shall
be borne by the initiator through pollution control measures); ~ of
participatory
methods: Lång ghÐp c¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn cã sù tham gia cña ng-êi
d©n (vµo quy
tr×nh lµm viÖc cña mét c¬ quan hoÆc tæ chøc).
Internalize (n)
Néi ®Þa ho¸, tÝnh gép vµo c¬ chÕ gi¸, lång ghÐp vµo quy tr×nh néi bé (e.g.
The work
process must be internalized: Quy tr×nh lµm viÖc ph¶i trë thµnh quy chÕ néi
bé).
International
bidding (n) §Êu thÇu quèc tÕ. ~ open bidding (n) §Êu thÇu quèc tÕ më (i.e. the
most competitive but administratively demanding procedure whereby a tender
notice is advertised internationally and any supplier in any country is
eligible to submit a tender); ~ restricted bidding (n) §Êu thÇu quèc tÕ h¹n chÕ
(i.e. procurement procedure whereby a number of national and foreign suppliers
are invited to submit a tender on the basis of a previously established
shortlist).
International
financing institutions (n) C¸c tæ chøc tµi chÝnh quèc tÕ (i.e. Asian
Development Bank, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and other banking
institutions).
International
Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD): Quü Quèc tÕ vÒ Ph¸t triÓn N«ng
nghiÖp. §-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1974 nh- lµ mét phÇn cña hÖ thèng Liªn hîp quèc, t«n
chØ cña IFAD lµ hç trî viÖc t¨ng c-êng s¶n xuÊt l-¬ng thùc vµ thùc phÈm, c¶i
thiÖn an ninh l-¬ng thùc, t¹o viÖc lµm n«ng nghiÖp vµ gi¶m t×nh tr¹ng suy dinh
d-ìng ë c¸c n-íc nghÌo.
International
Labour Organization (ILO): Tæ chøc Lao ®éng Quèc tÕ, ®-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1919
víi t- c¸ch lµ tæ chøc liªn chÝnh phñ vµ ®-îc Liªn hîp quèc c«ng nhËn n¨m 1946
lµ c¬ quan chuyªn m«n cña LHQ. ILO xóc tiÕn viÖc c¶i thiÖn c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn lµm
viÖc vµ nghÒ nghiÖp, ®Ò xuÊt c¸c chuÈn t¾c vµ h-íng dÉn trªn c¸c lÜnh vùc nµy.
Internet (n)
M¹ng vi tÝnh toµn cÇu (i.e. network of computers that facilitates electronic cmmunication
across the globe).
Internet access
service (n) DÞch vô truy cËp internet.
Internet
application service (n) DÞch vô øng dông internet.
Internet
content provider (n) Ng-êi cung cÊp dÞch vô th«ng tin internet.
Internet
exchange provider (n) Ng-êi cung cÊp dÞch vô kÕt nèi internet.
Internet
exchange service (n) DÞch vô kÕt nèi internet.
Internet
service provider (n) Ng-êi cung cÊp dÞch vô internet.
Interntional
Monetary Fund (IMF): Quü TiÒn tÖ Quèc tÕ, ®-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1945 theo HiÖp
®Þnh Bretton Woods. T«n chØ cña IMF lµ khuyÕn khÝch hîp t¸c tiÒn tÖ vµ ph¸t
triÓn th-¬ng m¹i quèc tÕ, hç trî sù æn ®Þnh vÒ tû gi¸ hèi ®o¸i vµ viÖc thiÕt
lËp c¸c hÖ thèng thanh to¸n ®a ph-¬ng, vµ gióp c¸c n-íc gi¶i quyÕt c¸c vÊn ®Ò
vÒ mÊt c©n ®èi trong c¸n c©n thanh to¸n.
Intra-generational
equity (n) Principle of ~ : Nguyªn t¾c c«ng b»ng trong cïng thÕ hÖ (i.e. a
sustainable development principle that requires that people within the present
generation have the right to benefit from the exploitation of resources and
that they have an equal right to a clean and healthy environment).
Intravenous
drug user (n) Ng-êi tiªm chÝch ma tuý (also injecting drug user).
Investment (n)
§Çu t-. Public ~ : §Çu t- c«ng céng; Foreign direct ~ : §Çu t- trùc tiÕp n-íc
ngoµi.
Investment
planning (n) LËp kÕ ho¹ch ®Çu tư
Investment
programme (n) Ch-¬ng tr×nh ®Çu t-.
Investment-related
(adj) Hç trî ®Çu t- (e.g. An ~ project: Dù ¸n hç trî ®Çu t-);
~ technical
assistance: Trî gióp kü thuËt hç trî ®Çu t- (i.e. technical assistance that is
provided within
the framework of an investment project).
Invisible hand
(n) Bµn tay v« h×nh (i.e. a term used by Adam Smith to mean that the
influence of
market forces through which self-interest often, but not always, benefits the
community as a
whole).
Inward-looking
(adj) H-íng néi, ®èi lËp víi Outward-looking (e.g. Viet Nam’s
economic
policies before the mid-80’s were mostly ~ ; The ~ nature of import-
substituting
industrialization: B¶n chÊt h-íng néi cña c«ng nghiÖp ho¸ thay thÕ nhËp
khÈu.
Iodine (n) ChÊt
i-èt. Iodine deficiency: ThiÕu chÊt i-èt (Hence, Iodine-deficient).
Iodization of
salt: Lµm muèi i-èt. Hence, Iodized salt: Muèi i-èt.
J
Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA): C¬ quan Hîp t¸c Quèc tÕ NhËt
B¶n.
Job (n) C«ng
viÖc.
Job counseling
(n) H-íng nghiÖp.
Job creation
(n) T¹o viÖc lµm.
Job description
(n) B¶n m« t¶ c«ng viÖc, chøc n¨ng vµ nhiÖm vô (i.e. a recognized list of
functions and
tasks included in a particular job).
Job generation
(n) T¹o viÖc lµm (also Job creation).
Job
requirements (n) Yªu cÇu ®èi víi mét c«ng viÖc.
Job
satisfaction (n) Sù hµi lßng ®èi víi mét c«ng viÖc.
Job seeker (n)
Ng-êi t×m viÖc lµm.
Jobless (adj)
Kh«ng cã viÖc lµm, kh«ng t¹o ra viÖc lµm; ~ growth: Sù t¨ng tr-ëng kh«ng
t¹o ra viÖc lµm
(i.e. increases in production and productivity without an increase in
employment); ~
people: Nh÷ng ng-êi kh«ng cã viÖc lµm, thÊt nghiÖp; The jobless (n)
Ng-êi thÊt
nghiÖp.
Justification
(n) LuËn chøng, biÖn minh (e.g. the ~ for an investment project: LuËn
chøng cho dù ¸n
®Çu t-).
Justify (v)
BiÖn minh, lý gi¶i (e.g. To ~ one's failure: BiÖn minh cho thÊt b¹i cña m×nh).
Juvenile
delinquency (n) T×nh tr¹ng ph¹m téi trong thanh thiÕu niªn.
Juvenile
delinquents (n) Nh÷ng thanh thiÕu niªn ph¹m téi.
K
Key (n) Ch×a
kho¸, then chèt (e.g. Neutrality and impartiality are ~ factors that ensure a
strong position
for UNDP in Viet Nam).
Key informant
(n) Ng-êi cung cÊp th«ng tin chñ yÕu. ~ interviews: Pháng vÊn nh÷ng
ng-êi cung cÊp
th«ng tin chñ yÕu.
Know-how (n) BÝ
quyÕt. Technical ~ s: BÝ quyÕt kü thuËt.
Knowledge (n)
Tri thøc, kiÕn thøc (i.e. information that is put in a particular context to
produce an
actionable understanding). Codified ~ : Tri thøc ®-îc ®iÓm chÕ ho¸;
Explicit ~ :
Tri thøc hiÖn (i.e. knowledge that can be written down or codified, shared
with others and
put into a database); Tacit ~ : Tri thøc ngÇm (i.e. knowledge that cannot
be articulated
in codified forms, such as know-how, rules of thumb, experience, insights
and intuition);
Codification of ~ : §iÓn chÕ ho¸ tri thøc; Market for ~ : ThÞ tr-êng tri
thøc;
Transferability of ~ : Kh¶ n¨ng chuyÓn giao cña tri thøc.
Knowledge
accumulation (n) TÝch luü, n©ng cao, trau dåi kiÕn thøc (also Knowledge
building).
Knowledge bank
(n) Ng©n hµng tri thøc.
Knowledge
economy (n) Kinh tÕ tri thøc (i.e. an economy which is directly based on the
production,
distribution and use of knowledge and information).
Knowledge for
development (n) Tri thøc phôc vô ph¸t triÓn.
Knowledge gap
(n) Kho¶ng c¸ch tri thøc (i.e. unequal distribution of knowledge across
and within
groups of population or countries). To narrow, bridge, reduce the ~ : Thu hÑp
kho¶ng c¸ch tri
thøc.
Knowledge
hoarding (n) §Çu c¬ tri thøc. ~ mentality: T©m lý ®Çu c¬ tri thøc;
~ propensity:
Xu h-íng ®Çu c¬ tri thøc.
Knowledge
industry (n) C«ng nghiÖp tri thøc (i.e. the portion of the labour force
engaged in
occupations essentially concerned with producing and handling information
rather than
goods).
Knowledge
intensive (adj) Cã nhiÒu tri thøc, cã hµm l-îng tri thøc cao (e.g. an ~
product,
service: Mét s¶n phÈm, dÞch vô cã nhiÒu tri thøc).
Knowledge
management (n) Qu¶n lý tri thøc (i.e. the broad process of locating,
creating,
organizing, transferring and using the information and expertise within an
organization).
Knowledge
network (n) M¹ng l-íi tri thøc.
Knowledge
sharing (n) Chia xÎ tri thøc.
Knowledge
transfer (n) ChuyÓn giao tri thøc (i.e. disseminating knowledge and providing
inputs to
problem solving).
Knowledge
worker (n) Ng-êi lao ®éng tri thøc.
Knowledgeable
(adj) Am hiÓu, hiÓu biÕt nhiÒu (e.g. To be ~ about globalization issues).
Knowledge-based
(adj) Dùa vµo tri thøc. ~ development: Ph¸t triÓn dùa vµo tri thøc;
organization:
Mét tæ chøc dùa vµo tri thøc, hoÆc cã tri thøc v÷ng vµng.
Knowledge-based
economy (n) NÒn kinh tÕ dùa vµo tri thøc (xem Knowledge
economy).
Korea
International Cooperation Agency (KOICA): C¬ quan Hîp t¸c Quèc tÕ Hµn
Quèc.
L
Labour (n) Lao
®éng. Labour Code: Bé luËt Lao ®éng. Labourer (n) Ng-êi lao ®éng.
Labour
administration (n) Qu¶n lý lao ®éng.
Labour contract
(n) Hîp ®ång lao ®éng.
Labour costs
per unit of output (n) Chi phÝ lao ®éng trªn ®¬n vÞ s¶n l-îng.
Labour court
(n) Toµ ¸n lao ®éng.
Labour demand
(n) L-îng cÇu lao ®éng.
Labour dispute
(n) Tranh chÊp lao ®éng.
Labour economics
(n) Kinh tÕ häc lao ®éng.
Labour exchange
(n) Trao ®æi lao ®éng.
Labour force
(n) Lùc l-îng lao ®éng.
Labour
legislation (n) LuËt ph¸p vÒ lao ®éng.
Labour market
(n) ThÞ tr-êng lao ®éng.
Labour mobility
(n) TÝnh c¬ ®éng cña lao ®éng (i.e. the ease of movement of labour
between areas
and occupations).
Labour
redundancy (n) D- thõa lao ®éng.
Labour
relations (n) Quan hÖ lao ®éng.
Labour shortage
(n) ThiÕu lao ®éng.
Labour supply
(n) L-îng cung lao ®éng.
Labour-intensive
(adj) Sö dông nhiÒu lao ®éng (e.g. a ~ industry).
Labour-saving
(adj) TiÕt kiÖm lao ®éng (e.g. a ~ technical process).
Land (n) §Êt
®ai. ~ Law: LuËt ®Êt ®ai.
Land
degradation (n) T×nh tr¹ng ®Êt xuèng cÊp.
Land ownership
(n) QuyÒn së h÷u ®Êt ®ai (also ~ titlement).
Land pollution
(n) ¤ nhiÔm ®Êt.
Land reform (n)
C¶i c¸ch ruéng ®Êt.
Land tenure (n)
H¹n ®iÒn, thêi gian sö dông ®Êt.
Land use
planning (n) Quy ho¹ch sö dông ®Êt.
Landless (adj)
Kh«ng cã ®Êt ®ai (e.g. ~ people: Nh÷ng ng-êi kh«ng cã ruéng ®Êt);
The landless:
Nh÷ng ng-êi kh«ng cã ruéng ®Êt.
Landlocked
countries (n) C¸c n-íc kh«ng cã bê biÓn (i.e. countries like Afghanistan,
Laos,
Mongolia).
Landscape (n)
C¶nh quan. ~ analysis: Ph©n tÝch c¶nh quan; ~ conservation: B¶o tån
c¶nh quan.
Landscape
ecology (n) Sinh th¸i c¶nh quan (i.e. a sub-discipline of ecology focusing on
spacial
relationships and the interactions between patterns and processes).
Law (n) LuËt
ph¸p, bé luËt. ~ on the State Budget: LuËt ng©n s¸ch Nhµ n-íc.
Law enactment (n)
Ban hµnh luËt ph¸p.
Law enforcement
(n) Thi hµnh luËt ph¸p.
Law
implementation (n) Thùc hiÖn luËt ph¸p.
Law making (n)
Lµm luËt, x©y dùng luËt (e.g. the ~ process in Viet Nam).
Law of the Sea
(n) LuËt biÓn (i.e. a convention which was adopted by the United
Nations in
1982, aimed at establishing a new legal regime for the oceans and their vast
resources).
Laws of supply
and demand: Quy luËt cung - cÇu (i.e. the basic laws in respect of the
marketing of
goods and services in a market economy).
Lay-off (n) Sù
gi·n thî, nghØ viÖc t¹m thêi. ~ pay: L-¬ng nghØ viÖc.
Lead (n) Chñ
®¹o, ®Çu tµu. ~ donor: Nhµ tµi trî chÝnh; ~ role: Vai trß chñ ®¹o, vai trß
®Çu tµu.
Lead time (n)
Thêi gian cÇn thiÕt ®Ó hoµn thµnh mét c«ng viÖc (e.g. A long ~ will be
required to
prepare properly for this important event).
Learning (n)
Häc hái. Interactive ~ : Häc hái t-¬ng t¸c, häc hái hai chiÒu; On-line ~ :
Häc hái trùc
tuyÕn, häc hái qua m¹ng; Organizational ~ : Häc hái cña tæ chøc;
Organized ~ :
Häc hái cã tæ chøc.
Learning by
doing (n) Võa häc võa lµm (e.g. A ~ approach, principle: Ph-¬ng ph¸p,
nguyªn t¾c võa
häc võa lµm).
Learning
organization (n) Tæ chøc cã häc hái (i.e. an organization that relies strongly
on the
creation, acquisition, transfer and use of knowledge to improve its
performance).
Least Developed
Countries (n) C¸c n-íc kÐm ph¸t triÓn nhÊt (i.e. the 45 poor and
vulnerable
countries that were defined by the United Nations with an annual per capita
income of less
than US$ 765 in 1995) .
Legal (adj)
Thuéc vÒ ph¸p lý, thuéc vÒ luËt ph¸p. ~ corridor: Hµnh lang ph¸p lý;
~ framework:
Khu«n khæ ph¸p lý; ~ environment: M«i tr-êng ph¸p lý; ~ reform: C¶i
c¸ch luËt ph¸p.
Legally-binding
(adj) Rµng buéc vÒ mÆt ph¸p lý (e.g. ~ international agreements,
commitments).
Lending (n) Cho
vay. ~ organization: Tæ chøc cho vay; ~ programme: Ch-¬ng tr×nh
cho vay; ~
rate: L·i suÊt cho vay.
Lessons learned
(n) Bµi häc (e.g. To draw, distill ~ from a successful development
project: §óc
rót bµi häc kinh nghiÖm tõ mét dù ¸n ph¸t triÓn thµnh c«ng).
Level playing
field (n) S©n ch¬i b×nh ®¼ng (e.g. A ~ for the private sector: S©n ch¬i b×nh
®¼ng cho khu
vùc kinh tÕ t- nh©n, i.e for the private sector to compete in an equal footing
with
State-owned enterprises).
Leverage (v)
KÝch thÝch, thu hót (e.g. the effective use of ODA to ~ additional financing
for
development, such as foreign investment, domestic resources and trade).
Liberalize (n)
Tù do ho¸. Hence, Liberalization (n) Sù tù do ho¸ (e.g. Price, trade ~ :
Tù do ho¸ gi¸
c¶, th-¬ng m¹i).
Life (n) Cuéc
sèng, tuæi thä, thêi h¹n (e.g The ~ of a loan: Thêi h¹n cña kho¶n nî; the
~ of a project:
Thêi h¹n thùc hiÖn dù ¸n).
Life expectancy
(n) Tuæi thä (mong ®îi). ~ at birth: Tuæi thä trung b×nh (i.e. the
number of years
a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the
time of birth
were to stay the same throughout the child’s life).
Life skills
education (n) Gi¸o dôc vÒ nh÷ng kü n¨ng sèng, gi¸o dôc vÒ nh÷ng ®iÒu cÇn
biÕt trong cuéc
sèng.
Line agency (n)
C¬ quan chñ qu¶n, c¬ quan cÊp trªn trùc tiÕp.
Line Ministry
(n) Bé chñ qu¶n.
Linkage (n) Mèi
liªn kÕt (e.g. The ~ between donor-funded projects and national
programmes: Mèi
liªn kÕt gi÷a c¸c dù ¸n do n-íc ngoµi tµi trî vµ c¸c ch-¬ng tr×nh quèc
gia). Backward
~ : Mèi liªn kÕt ng-îc; Horizontal ~ : Mèi liªn kÕt ngang; Foreward ~
: Mèi liªn kÕt
xu«i; Vertical ~ : Mèi liªn kÕt däc.
Literacy (n)
BiÕt ch÷. ~ rate (n) Tû lÖ ng-êi biÕt ch÷. ~ among adults: Tû lÖ biÕt ch÷ ë
ng-êi lín (i.e
the percentage of people aged 15 and above who can read and write).
Livelihoods (n)
C¸ch kiÕm sèng, kÕ sinh nhai. Sustainable ~ : Ph-¬ng thøc kiÕm sèng
bÒn v÷ng.
Living costs
(n) Chi phÝ sinh ho¹t.
Loan (n) Kho¶n
cho vay, kho¶n vay. Concessional or soft ~ : Kho¶n cho vay -u ®·i.
Local costs (n)
Chi phÝ t¹i chç (i.e. those costs of a development project which are made
up of locally
procured goods and services).
Local area
network (n) M¹ng vi tÝnh côc bé (i.e. a computer network located on users’
premises within
a limited geographical area, also called LAN).
Logical
framework or logframe: Khung l«gÝc (i.e. a method that allows for a logical
linkage between
the various elements in a project design and enables a successful
implementation
of the expected results of the project).
Logframe
analysis (n) Ph©n tÝch khung l«gÝc.
Low income
country (n) N-íc cã møc thu nhËp thÊp (i.e. a country with an annual per
capita income
of less than US$ 765 in 1995).
Lump-sum (n) Trän
gãi. ~ contract: Hîp ®ång kho¸n gän; ~ payment: Tr¶ trän gãi;
~ price: Gi¸
trän gãi.
M
Macro
environment (n) M«i tr-êng vÜ m« (i.e. a combination of key factors such as
policy,
legislation, function and tasks, information and knowledge, and
infrastructure).
Macroeconomic
(adj) Thuéc kinh tÕ vÜ m« (e.g. ~ instruments, management, reform,
stability: C¸c
c«ng cô, qu¶n lý, c¶i c¸ch, sù æn ®Þnh kinh tÕ vÜ m«).
Macroeconomics
(n) Kinh tÕ häc vÜ m« (i.e. that part of economics which is concerned
with the study
of relationships between broad economic aggregates - national income,
savings,
investment, employment, trade, money supply, foreign exchange, etc...).
Mainstream (v)
Lång ghÐp (e.g. To ~ gender into the policy making process: Lång ghÐp
vÊn ®Ò giíi vµo
qu¸ tr×nh ho¹ch ®Þnh chÝnh s¸ch).
Mainstreaming
(n) Sù lång ghÐp (e.g. the ~ of gender issues into personnel policies:
Lång ghÐp vÊn
®Ò giíi vµo chÝnh s¸ch nh©n sù).
Male head of
household (n) Chñ hé lµ nam.
Male to female
transmission of HIV (n) Sù lan truyÒn HIV tõ nam giíi sang n÷ giíi.
Male-headed
household (n) Hé do nam giíi lµm chñ hé.
Malnourished
(adj) BÞ suy dinh d-ìng. ~ children: TrÎ em suy dinh d-ìng.
Malnutrition
(n) Sù suy dinh d-ìng (e.g. ~ among children under five years of age).
Manageable
(adj) Cã thÓ qu¶n lý ®-îc, cã thÓ kiÓm so¸t ®-îc (e.g. External debt must
be kept at a ~
level: Ph¶i gi÷ nî n-íc ngoµi ë møc cã thÓ kiÓm so¸t ®-îc).
Managed
resource area (n) Khu b¶o tån tµi nguyªn ®-îc qu¶n lý.
Management (n)
Qu¶n lý. ~ skills:. Kü n¨ng qu¶n lý; ~ science: Khoa häc qu¶n lý;
~ style: Phong
c¸ch qu¶n lý; ~ training: §µo t¹o vÒ c«ng t¸c qu¶n lý.
Management
arrangements (n) C¸ch tæ chøc qu¶n lý (®èi víi mét dù ¸n).
Management by
objectives (n) Qu¶n lý theo môc tiªu.
Management
consultant (n) Chuyªn gia t- vÊn qu¶n lý.
Management
information system (n) HÖ thèng th«ng tin qu¶n lý (i.e. a system in
which defined
data are collected, processed and communicated to assist those
responsible for
the use of resources).
Man-made
capital (n) Nguån vèn do con ng-êi t¹o ta (e.g. machines, buildings,
infrastructure).
Marginalization
(n) G¹t ra ngoµi lÒ (e.g. The growing ~ of the less developed countries
in the world
economy: T×nh tr¹ng c¸c n-íc kÐm ph¸t triÓn ngµy cµng bÞ g¹t ra ngoµi lÒ
nÒn kinh tÕ thÕ
giíi). Social ~ : T×nh tr¹ng bÞ g¹t ra ngoµi lÒ x· héi.
Marginalize (v)
G¹t ra ngoµi lÒ. Hence, Marginalized (adj) BÞ g¹t ra ngoµi lÒ, ph¶i
chÞu thiÖt thßi
(e.g. ~ economically, socially and culturally); ~ groups: Nh÷ng nhãm
d©n c- ph¶i
chÞu thiÖt thßi, bÞ g¹t ra ngoµi lÒ (cña qu¸ tr×nh ph¸t triÓn).
Market (n) ThÞ
tr-êng. Free ~ : ThÞ tr-êng tù do; Organized ~ : ThÞ tr-êng cã tæ chøc.
Market demand
(n) L-îng cÇu cña thÞ tr-êng.
Market economy
(n) Kinh tÕ thÞ tr-êng.
Market
equilibrium (n) C©n b»ng thÞ tr-êng.
Market failure
(n) ThÊt b¹i cña thÞ tr-êng.
Market forces
(n) C¸c t¸c nh©n thÞ tr-êng.
Market
instruments (n) C¸c c«ng cô thÞ tr-êng.
Market
orientation (n) §Þnh h-íng thÞ tr-êng.
Market prices
(n) Gi¸ thÞ tr-êng.
Market share
(n) ThÞ phÇn.
Market supply
(n) L-îng cung cña thÞ tr-êng.
Marketing (n)
TiÕp thÞ. ~ plan: KÕ ho¹ch tiÕp thÞ; ~ strategy: ChiÕn l-îc tiÕp thÞ.
Market-oriented
(adj) Theo ®Þnh h-íng thÞ tr-êng. ~ economy: NÒn kinh tÕ theo ®Þnh
h-íng thÞ
tr-êng.
Master plan (n)
Quy ho¹ch tæng thÓ (e.g. A ~ for the Mekong Delta: Quy ho¹ch tæng thÓ
§ång b»ng s«ng
Cöu Long. A tourism ~ : Quy ho¹ch tæng thÓ ngµnh du lÞch).
Maternal
mortality rate (n) Tû lÖ tö vong ë c¸c bµ mÑ (i.e. the annual number of deaths
of women from
pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births).
Maturity period
(n) Thêi h¹n ph¶i tr¶ nî (i.e. the time from the date on which a loan
agreement comes
into force until the date on which the loan is due for complete
repayment).
Measurable
(adj) Cã thÓ ®o ®-îc. ~ impact: T¸c ®éng cã thÓ ®o l-êng ®-îc;
~ indicator:
Tiªu chÝ cã thÓ ®o l-êng ®-îc.
Medium-term
expenditure framework (n) Khu«n khæ chi tiªu trung h¹n (i.e. a 3 to 5
year plan to provide
a framework for fiscal policy and to facilitate strategic sector
planning and
programming).
Mekong River
Commission (n) Uû héi quèc tÕ vÒ s«ng Mª-c«ng (i.e. a commission
which was set
up by the 1995 Agreement on Cooperation for the Sustainable
Development of
the Mekong River Basin between Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet
Nam).
Merging (n) S¸t
nhËp (e.g. The ~ of small businesses into a large company).
Merit-based
(adj) Dùa vµo kÕt qu¶, as opposed to Entitlement-based (e.g. Future
resource
allocation should be ~ , not entitlement-based: ViÖc ph©n bæ nguån lùc trong
t-¬ng lai nªn
dùa vµo kÕt qu¶ c«ng viÖc, kh«ng nªn dùa vµo tiªu chuÈn, chÕ ®é).
Micro-credit
(n) TÝn dông quy m« nhá (also Micro-finance).
Microeconomic
(adj) Thuéc vÒ kinh tÕ vi m« (e.g. ~ management, reform, instruments:
Qu¶n lý, c¶i
c¸ch, c¸c c«ng cô kinh tÕ vi m«).
Microeconomics
(n) Kinh tÕ häc vi m« (i.e. that part of economics which is concerned
with the study
of individual decision-making units, firms, individuals).
Micro-nutrient
(n) ChÊt dinh d-ìng vi l-îng; ~ deficiency (n) and ~ deficient (adj)
ThiÕu chÊt dinh
d-ìng vi l-îng.
Middle income
country (n) N-íc cã møc thu nhËp trung b×nh (i.e. a country with an
annual per
capita income of between US$ 766 and US$ 9,385 in 1995). Lower ~ : N-íc
cã møc thu nhËp
trung b×nh thÊp, tõ 766 ®Õn 3.035 USD n¨m 1995; Upper ~ : N-íc cã
møc thu nhËp
trung b×nh cao, tõ 3.036 ®Õn 9.385 USD n¨m 1995.
Mid-term (adj)
Gi÷a kú. ~ evaluation: §¸nh gi¸ gi÷a kú; ~ review: KiÓm ®iÓm gi÷a
kú.
Migration(n) Sù
di c-. Forced ~: Di c- c-ìng bøc; Internal ~: Di c- néi ®Þa;
Organized ~ :
Di c- cã tæ chøc; Rural - urban ~ : Di c- tõ n«ng th«n ra thµnh thÞ;
Seasonal ~ : Di
c- theo mïa vô; Spontaneous, unorganized ~ : Di c- tù do.
Millennium
Declaration (n) Tuyªn bè Thiªn niªn kû, do Héi nghÞ th-îng ®Ønh Thiªn
niªn kû th«ng
qua, trong ®ã cã C¸c môc tiªu ph¸t triÓn Thiªn niªn kû.
Millennium
Development Goals (n) C¸c môc tiªu ph¸t triÓn Thiªn niªn kû (e.g. halve
the number of
people who suffer from absolute poverty between 1990 & 2015; halve the
number of
people who suffer from hunger between 1990 & 2015; ensure universal
primary
education by 2015; reduce by 2/3 the under-five mortality rate between
1990&
2015; reduce by
3/4 the maternal mortality ratio between 1990 & 2015 etc…).
Millennium
Summit (n) Héi nghÞ th-îng ®Ønh Thiªn niªn kû, do Liªn hîp quèc triÖu tËp
th¸ng 9/2000
víi sù tham gia cña Nguyªn thñ quèc gia vµ ng-êi ®øng ®Çu chÝnh phñ cña
180 n-íc trªn
thÕ giíi. Héi nghÞ ®· th«ng qua Tuyªn bè Thiªn niªn kû.
Mission (n) T«n
chØ, sø mÖnh, ph¸i ®oµn. A ~ statement: B¶n tuyªn bè vÒ t«n chØ, môc
®Ých; A
consultant ~ : §oµn chuyªn gia t- vÊn; A peace ~ : Sø m¹ng hoµ b×nh.
Mixed credit
(n) TÝn dông hç hîp. (Also Mixed financing).
Mobile labour
force (n) Lùc l-îng lao ®éng thuyªn chuyÓn linh ho¹t
Mobilization
(n) VËn ®éng, huy ®éng. Social ~ : VËn ®éng x· héi; Resource ~ : Huy
®éng nguån lùc;
Input ~ : Huy ®éng ®Çu vµo (cho dù ¸n).
Mobilization of
domestic or internal resources (n) Huy ®éng nguån lùc trong n-íc,
huy ®éng néi
lùc
Modality (n)
Ph-¬ng thøc (e.g. Aid modalities: C¸c ph-¬ng thøc viÖn trî; Project
execution
modalities: C¸c ph-¬ng thøc ®iÒu hµnh dù ¸n).
Money (n) TiÒn.
Bad ~ : §ång tiÒn xÊu; Easy ~ : §ång tiÒn dÔ vay: Good ~ : §ång tiÒn
tèt (Bad money
drives out good money: §ång tiÒn xÊu ®uæi ®ång tiÒn tèt); High-
powered ~ :
§ång tiÒn m¹nh; Idle, inactive ~ : §ång tiÒn nhµn rçi; ~ supply: L-îng
cung tiÒn mÆt;
Demand for ~ : L-îng cÇu tiÒn mÆt.
Monitoring (n)
Theo dâi (i.e. a continuing function aimed primarily at providing early
indications of
progress or lack thereof in the achievement of project objectives). Project
~ : Theo dâi dù
¸n, bao gåm c¸c kh©u nh- field visit, periodical reporting, periodical
review vµ
terminal reporting.
Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (n) NghÞ ®Þnh th-
Montreal vÒ c¸c
chÊt ph¸ huû tÇng «-d«n (i.e. an international agreement that was
reached in 1998
by over 30 countries and that is aimed at protecting the ozone layer by
controlling the
emission of chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs) and halons).
Moonlighting
(n) Lµm thªm viÖc ngoµi giê (th-êng lµ vµo buæi tèi).
Mortality (n)
Tö vong. Child ~ : Tö vong ë trÎ em; Infant ~ : Tö vong ë trÎ s¬ sinh;
Under-five ~ :
Tö vong ë trÎ em d-íi 5 tuæi; Maternal ~ : Tö vong ë bµ mÑ.
Mortality rate
(n) Tû suÊt tö vong.
Most-favoured
(adj) §-îc -u tiªn nhiÒu nhÊt. ~ nation: Tèi huÖ quèc; ~ nation
clause: §iÒu
kho¶n tèi huÖ quèc.
Mother (n)
Ng-êi mÑ. Expecting ~ : Ng-êi mÑ ®ang mang thai; Nursing ~ : Ng-êi mÑ
®ang nu«i con.
Motherhood (n)
Lµm mÑ. Safe ~ : Sinh ®Î an toµn.
Mother-to-child
transmission of HIV (n) Sù lan truyÒn HIV tõ mÑ sang con.
Multi-cultural
(adj) §a v¨n ho¸, nhiÒu mµu s¾c v¨n ho¸. ~ organization: Tæ chøc ®a
v¨n ho¸; ~
society: X· héi ®a v¨n ho¸.
Multi-dimensional
(adj) (Cã) nhiÒu khÝa c¹nh, nhiÒu mÆt (also multi-faceted). A ~
problem: Mét
vÊn ®Ò cã nhiÒu khÝa c¹nh.
Multi-disciplinary
(adj) Liªn quan ®Õn nhiÒu lÜnh vùc (e.g. A ~ approach: C¸ch tiÕp cËn
®a ngµnh;
Interventions of an ~ nature: C¸c biÖn ph¸p can thiÖp liªn quan tíi nhiÒu lÜnh
vùc).
Multi-lateral
(adj) §a ph-¬ng (kh¸c víi Bilateral). ~ donor: Nhµ tµi trî ®a ph-¬ng;
~ forum: DiÔn
®µn ®a ph-¬ng.
Multilateral
agency or organization (n) Tæ chøc ®a ph-¬ng (i.e. an international
organization to
which individual countries contribute funds for subsequent disbursement
by the
organization itself).
Multilateral
aid (n) ViÖn trî ®a ph-¬ng (i.e. financial aid and technical cooperation
provided by a
multilateral organization to a developing country).
Multi-lateral
trade agreement (n) HiÖp ®Þnh th-¬ng m¹i ®a ph-¬ng.
Multiplier (n)
Sè nh©n; (adj) Cã tÝnh lan to¶. ~ effect: T¸c dông lan to¶.
Multi-purpose (adj)
Phôc vô nhiÒu môc tiªu, ®a môc tiªu (e.g A ~ data survey: Cuéc
®iÒu tra ®a môc
tiªu).
N
Narcotics (n)
Ma tuý, thuèc g©y mª. Hence, Anti-narcotic activities: C¸c ho¹t ®éng
phßng chèng ma
tuý.
National
execution (n) Ph-¬ng thøc quèc gia ®iÒu hµnh dù ¸n (i.e. the management of a
project in an
aid recipient country carried out by a national entity of that country).
National income
(n) Thu nhËp quèc d©n (i.e. a measure of the money value of the total
flow of goods
and services produced in an economy over a specified period).
Nationally
recruited (adj) §-îc tuyÓn trong n-íc (e.g. ~ consultants: Chuyªn gia t-
vÊn ®-îc tuyÓn
dông trong n-íc).
Natural capital
(n) Nguån vèn tù nhiªn (e.g. resources, minerals, energy, ozone layer).
Natural
monument (n) Kú quan thiªn nhiªn.
Natural park
(n) V-ên quèc gia.
Nature reserve
(n) Khu dù tr÷ tù nhiªn.
Needs
assessment (n) §¸nh gi¸ nhu cÇu (e.g. To undertake a training ~ : TiÕn hµnh
®¸nh
gi¸ nhu cÇu ®µo
t¹o).
Network (v)
Liªn kÕt, thiÕt lËp m¹ng l-íi (e.g. To ~ with other training institutions in
the
region).
Knowledge ~ : M¹ng l-íi tri thøc hoÆc kiÕn thøc. Hence, Networking (n) (Sù)
liªn kÕt, thiÕt
lËp m¹ng l-íi.
Networked (adj)
§-îc kÕt nèi thµnh m¹ng l-íi. ~ economy: NÒn kinh tÕ kÕt m¹ng;
~ society: X·
héi kÕt m¹ng.
Network age (n)
Kû nguyªn kÕt nèi m¹ng.
Newly
industrialized country (n) N-íc c«ng nghiÖp míi (i.e. a country that has been
industrialized
only recently, e.g. South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan...).
Niche (n) VÞ
thÕ thÝch hîp nhÊt (e.g. UNDP must identify a ~ for itself in the
development
business). N¬i sinh sèng lý t-ëng (i.e. place in an ecosystem which a
species is
specially adapted to fit).
Non-communicable
diseases (n) C¸c c¨n bÖnh kh«ng l©y lan.
Non-core resources:
C¸c nguån vèn kh«ng th-êng xuyªn, kh¸c víi Core resources.
Non-expendable
equipment (n) ThiÕt bÞ l©u bÒn, thiÕt bÞ kh«ng tiªu hao.
Non-governmental
organization (n) Tæ chøc phi chÝnh phñ, th-êng viÕt t¾t lµ NGO (i.e.
a private
organization of a charitable, educational or research nature which is concerned
with problems
of developing countries and the spread of knwoledge about them).
Non-performing
(adj) Kh«ng sinh lêi, kh«ng cã hiÖu qu¶ (e.g. a ~ loan: Mét kho¶n vèn
vay kh«ng cã
hiÖu qu¶).
Non-project aid
(n) ViÖn trî phi dù ¸n (i.e. financial assistance other than project aid
and includes
budgetary assistance, debt relief, assistance for pensions and compensation,
programme aid
and maintenance aid).
Non-refundable
(adj) Kh«ng hoµn tr¶. ~ aid: ViÖn trî kh«ng hoµn l¹i.
Non-regulatory(adj)
Kh«ng mang tÝnh ph¸p quy, kh¸c víi Regulatory. ~ approaches,
instruments:
C¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn, c¸c c«ng cô kh«ng mang tÝnh ph¸p quy.
Non-renewable
(adj) Kh«ng thÓ t¸i sinh (kh¸c víi Renewable). ~ energies: C¸c nguån
n¨ng l-îng
kh«ng t¸i sinh, nh- kho¸ng s¶n, dÇu löa, khÝ ®èt, than ®¸.
Non-tariff
barrier (n) Hµng rµo phi thuÕ quan.
Normative (adj)
Mang tÝnh quy ph¹m (e.g. ~ legal documents: C¸c v¨n b¶n ph¸p lý
mang tÝnh quy
ph¹m, c¸c v¨n b¶n quy ph¹m ph¸p luËt).
Norwegian
Agency for International Development (NORAD): C¬ quan Ph¸t triÓn
Quèc tÕ Na Uy.
Not in
anybody's backyard: Kh«ng ®-îc ®Ó trong v-ên nhµ ai (i.e. the idea that
hazardous
activities and substances should not be located in anybody's backyard).
Not in my
backyard: Kh«ng ®-îc ®Ó trong v-ên nhµ t«i (i.e. the idea that hazardous
activities and
substances should not be located in my backyard).
Nuclear family
(n) Gia ®×nh h¹t nh©n, tøc gia ®×nh gåm bè mÑ vµ con c¸i.
Nutrition (n)
Dinh d-ìng (e.g. A ~ education programme for rural population: Ch-¬ng
tr×nh gi¸o dôc
dinh d-ìng cho d©n c- n«ng th«n).
O
Occupational
(adj) Thuéc vÒ nghÒ nghiÖp.
Occupational
health (n) Søc khoÎ nghÒ nghiÖp.
Occupational
multiplicity (n) Lµm nhiÒu viÖc, ®a d¹ng ngµnh nghÒ;
Occupational
safety (n) An toµn nghÒ nghiÖp.
Off-farm (adj)
Phi n«ng nghiÖp. ~ employment: ViÖc lµm phi n«ng nghiÖp.
Official aid
(n) ViÖn trî chÝnh thøc (i.e. financial flows which meet the conditions of
eligibility for
inclusion in ODA, other than the fact that the recipients are on Part II of
the DAC List of
Aid Recipients).
Official
development assistance (ODA): ViÖn trî ph¸t triÓn chÝnh thøc (i.e. a grant and
a soft loan to
countries in Part I of the DAC List of Aid Recipients which is provided to
the official
sector, which is intended for development purposes and which has a grant
element of at
least 25% of the value of the loan itself).
Oil pollution
(n) ¤ nhiÔm dÇu.
On-farm (adj)
Trªn ®ång ruéng, thuéc nghÒ n«ng. ~ employment: ViÖc lµm n«ng
nghiÖp. ~
training workshop: Líp tËp huÊn ®Çu bê.
On-lend (v) Cho
vay l¹i; Hence, On-lending (n) Sù cho vay l¹i (e.g. ~ terms and
conditions: C¸c
®iÒu kiÖn cho vay l¹i).
On-line (adj or
adv) §-îc ®-a lªn m¹ng internet (e.g. The report has been posted ~ ).
~ learning: Häc
qua m¹ng internet, häc trùc tuyÕn; ~ service: DÞch vô cung cÊp qua
m¹ng internet,
dÞch vô trùc tuyÕn.
On-line service
provider (n) Ng-êi cung cÊp dÞch vô øng dông internet.
Opportunity
cost (n) Chi phÝ c¬ héi (i.e. a measure of value of the opportunity foregone
when a resource
is used for one thing rather than for another).
Oral
rehydration therapy (n) Ph-¬ng ph¸p chèng mÊt n-íc c¬ thÓ qua ®-êng miÖng.
Organic farming
(n) (Ph-¬ng ph¸p) canh t¸c s¹ch, canh t¸c h÷u c¬ (i.e. an agricultural
system that
avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators,
livestock
feed additives
and relies as practicable on organic substitutes).
Organization of
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Tæ chøc Hîp t¸c
vµ Ph¸t triÓn
Kinh tÕ. TiÒn th©n cña OECD lµ Tæ chøc Hîp t¸c Kinh tÕ Ch©u ¢u, ®-îc
thµnh lËp ®Ó
qu¶n lý viÖn trî cña Hoa Kú vµ Ca-na-®a cho viÖc t¸i thiÕt Ch©u ¢u sau
ChiÕn tranh ThÕ
giíi II theo KÕ ho¹ch Marshall. Ra ®êi n¨m 1961, OECD lµ diÔn ®µn
chÝnh s¸ch cña
c¸c n-íc c«ng nghiÖp ph-¬ng T©y. OECD hiÖn cã 30 n-íc thµnh viªn.
Outcome (n) KÕt
qu¶ l©u dµi (i.e. the results of a project relative to its immediate
objectives that
are generated by the project outputs).
Output (n) KÕt
qu¶ trùc tiÕp, ®Çu ra (i.e. the tangible products or services, of a project
that are
necessary to achieve its objectives; e.g. A development project should be
designed to
produce tangible outputs).
Output
budgeting (n) (Ph-¬ng ph¸p) lËp ng©n s¸ch theo ®Çu ra (i.e. the process of
linking
budgetary appropriations to specific outputs).
Outreach (n)
Ph¹m vi ho¹t ®éng, ¶nh h-ëng (e.g. An ~ strategy: ChiÕn l-îc më réng
tÇm ho¹t ®éng;
to improve ~ to non-member countries: Më réng ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn c¸c
n-íc kh«ng ph¶i
lµ thµnh viªn).
Outward-looking
(adj) H-íng ngo¹i, kh¸c víi Inward-looking (e.g. Viet Nam’s
economic
policies have become much more ~ since the late 80’s).
Overhead costs
(n) Chi phÝ qu¶n lý chung.
Ownership (n)
(ý thøc) chñ ®éng, lµm chñ. National ~ : ý thøc lµm chñ, ý thøc chñ
®éng cña quèc
gia.
Ozone depleting
substances (n) C¸c chÊt lµm suy gi¶m tÇng «-d«n (e.g. To phase out ~:
Gi¶m dÇn viÖc
sö dông c¸c chÊt lµm suy gi¶m tÇng «-d«n).
Ozone layer (n)
TÇng «-d«n.
P
Parallel
financing (n) Tµi trî song song (i.e. financial contributions that are made by
donors to a
joint development project and that are managed by respective donors in
accordance with
their own financial rules/regulations). Xem thªm Co-financing.
Paris Club (n)
C©u l¹c bé Pa-ri (i.e. ad hoc meetings, usually in Paris, of creditor
governments
since 1956 to coordinate the re-negotiation of debts and guarantees among
sovereign
countries).
Partially
untied aid (n) ViÖn trî cã mét phÇn ®iÒu kiÖn (i.e. official aid for which the
associated
goods and services must be procured in the donor country or among a
restricted
group of other countries, which however must include substantially all
developing
countries).
Participation
(n) Sù tham gia (cña ng-êi d©n hoÆc c¸c ®èi t-îng thô h-ëng vµo c¸c ho¹t
®éng ph¸t
triÓn).
Participatory
(adj) Cã sù tham gia cña ng-êi d©n, hoÆc cña c¸c ®èi t-îng thô h-ëng,
cïng tham gia.
A ~ approach: Ph-¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn cã sù tham gia cña ng-êi d©n,
ph-¬ng ph¸p
cïng tham gia.
Participatory
crop improvement (n) C¶i thiÖn c©y trång cã sù tham gia cña ng-êi d©n.
Participatory
planning (n) C«ng t¸c lËp kÕ ho¹ch víi sù tham gia cña ng-êi d©n.
Participatory
poverty assessment (n) §¸nh gi¸ nghÌo ®ãi cã sù tham gia cña ng-êi
d©n.
Participatory
poverty ranking (n) XÕp lo¹i ng-êi nghÌo cã sù tham gia cña ng-êi d©n.
Participatory
project evaluation (n) §¸nh gi¸ dù ¸n víi sù tham gia cña c¸c ®èi t-îng
thô h-ëng.
Participatory
research (n) Nghiªn cøu cã sù tham gia cña ng-êi d©n.
Participatory
rural appraisal (PRA): Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®¸nh gi¸ n«ng th«n cã sù tham gia
cña c¸c ®èi
t-îng thô h-ëng (i.e. a method for interacting with, learning from and
analyzing rural
communities and population, through which to directly exchange ideas
with
beneficiaries and encourage their wide participation).
Partner (n) §èi
t¸c. Development ~ : §èi t¸c ph¸t triÓn; dialogue ~ : Bªn ®èi tho¹i.
Partnership (n)
Quan hÖ ®èi t¸c (e.g. A close ~ between the Government and the NGO
community); ~
groups: C¸c nhãm ®èi t¸c.
Part-time (adj)
Kiªm nhiÖm (e.g. a ~ job, post: Mét c«ng viÖc, chøc danh kiªm nhiÖm).
Pattern (n)
H×nh th¸i, tËp qu¸n. ~ of consumption: TËp qu¸n tiªu dïng; ~ of
development:
H×nh th¸i ph¸t triÓn; ~ of growth: H×nh th¸i t¨ng tr-ëng.
Pay back (v)
Thanh to¸n, hoµn tr¶. Pay-back period: Thêi kú hoµn vèn.
Peace-keeping
(n) G×n gi÷ hoµ b×nh (e.g. ~ operations of the United Nations: C¸c ho¹t
®éng g×n gi÷
hoµ b×nh cña Liªn hîp quèc).
Peer (n) Ng-êi
®ång ®¼ng, ng-êi ®ång c¶nh.
Peer education
(n) Gi¸o dôc ®ång ®¼ng, tøc lµ ph-¬ng ph¸p gi¸o dôc sö dông ng-êi cã
cïng c¶nh ngé
®Ó chia sÎ kinh nghiÖm sèng, kiÕn thøc, kü n¨ng nh»m t¹o sù ®ång c¶m,
gióp cho viÖc
thay ®æi th¸i ®é vµ hµnh vi ®-îc dÔ dµng h¬n.
People living
together with HIV (n) Nh÷ng ng-êi chung sèng víi HIV (i.e. a new term
which is
increasingly used to replace "HIV affected people", in order to
reduce
discrimination
and encourage patients to live positively).
People-centered
(n) LÊy con ng-êi lµm trung t©m. ~ development: (Sù nghiÖp) ph¸t
triÓn lÊy con
ng-êi lµm trung t©m.
Per capita
(adj) TÝnh theo ®Çu ng-êi. ~ GNP: Tæng thu nhËp quèc d©n theo ®Çu ng-êi;
~ income: Thu
nhËp theo ®Çu ng-êi.
Perform (v)
Ho¹t ®éng (e.g. To ~ well: Ho¹t ®éng tèt, ho¹t ®éng cã hiÖu qu¶).
Performance (n)
HiÖu n¨ng, hiÖu qu¶ ho¹t ®éng. Environmental, economic, financial
~ : HiÖu qu¶
ho¹t ®éng vÒ m«i tr-êng, kinh tÕ, tµi chÝnh.
Performance
evaluation (n) §¸nh gi¸ hiÖu qu¶ ho¹t ®éng.
Performance
indicators (n) C¸c tiªu chÝ ®¸nh gi¸ hiÖu qu¶ ho¹t ®éng.
Performing
(adj) Ho¹t ®éng cã hiÖu qu¶, sinh lêi (e.g. a ~ loan: Mét kho¶n vay cã hiÖu
qu¶).
Phase out (v)
Gi¶m dÇn (e.g. To ~ the use of ozone depleting substances: Gi¶m dÇn viÖc
sö dông c¸c
chÊt lµm suy gi¶m tÇng «-d«n; To ~ foreign exchange controls, import
quotas,
non-tariff barriers: Gi¶m dÇn c¸c biÖn ph¸p kiÓm so¸t ngo¹i hèi, h¹n ng¹ch xuÊt
khÈu, hµng rµo
phi thuÕ quan).
Phasing out (n)
Sù gi¶m dÇn (e.g. the ~ of foreign exchange controls, export quotas,
non-tariff
barriers).
Pick winners
(v) Chän ng-êi th¾ng cuéc (ý nãi kh«ng cho phÐp tù do c¹nh tranh).
Pilot (n) Thö
nghiÖm, thÝ ®iÓm. ~ activities: Nh÷ng ho¹t ®éng thö nghiÖm; A ~ project:
Dù ¸n thÝ ®iÓm;
A ~ production facility: Ph-¬ng tiÖn s¶n xuÊt thö.
Pilot (v) Thö
nghiÖm, thÝ ®iÓm (e.g. To ~ a new initiative: Thö nghiÖm mét s¸ng kiÕn
míi).
Pilot project
(n) Dù ¸n thÝ ®iÓm (i.e. a project of which the primary function is to
determine the
viability under experimental conditions, of a process, technology or
approach in
order to make recommendations for its application on a large scale and in
actual
conditions).
Pipeline Danh
môc c¸c dù ¸n ®ang ®Ò nghÞ xin tµi trî, hoÆc ®ang trong giai ®o¹n chuÈn
bÞ (i.e. the backlog
of proposed projects for which assistance is requested). A ~ project:
Dù ¸n trong
giai ®o¹n chuÈn bÞ.
Planned economy
(n) Kinh tÕ kÕ ho¹ch ho¸ (i.e. an economy in which the Government
takes central
responsibility for economic decision-making, including developing plans
for economic
growth).
Pledge (n) Sù
høa hÑn viÖn trî (i.e. the amount of ODA intended to be made by a donor
to a recipient
country as announced by its official representative or by way of any official
document.
Hence, ODA moves from pledges through commitments to disbursements).
Xin xem thªm
Commitment and Disbursement.
Policy (n)
ChÝnh s¸ch. ~ dialogue: §èi tho¹i chÝnh s¸ch; Policy-driven (also policy-
based): Phôc vô
chÝnh s¸ch (e.g. ~ research: Nghiªn cøu phôc vô chÝnh s¸ch).
Policy
Framework Paper (n) Tµi liÖu khu«n khæ chÝnh s¸ch (i.e. a policy document
which was
introduced by the IMF and which outlined IMF's approach to economic
policy in
borrowing countries, including conditions attached to loans).
Policy-making
(n) X©y dùng chÝnh s¸ch. A decentralized ~ process: Quy tr×nh x©y
dùng chÝnh s¸ch
®-îc ph©n cÊp.
Policy maker
(n) Ng-êi lµm chÝnh s¸ch.
Pollute (v) G©y
« nhiÔm. Hence, Pollutant: ChÊt g©y « nhiÔm; Polluter: Ng-êi g©y «
nhiÔm, ®¬n vÞ
g©y « nhiÔm.
Polluter pays
principle (n) Nguyªn t¾c ng-êi g©y « nhiÔm ph¶i tr¶ tiÒn (i.e. a
sustainable
development principle which suggests that the polluter should bear the costs
of preventing
and controlling pollution).
Polluting (adj)
G©y « nhiÔm (e.g. A ~ industry: Mét ngµnh c«ng nghiÖp g©y « nhiÔm).
Pollution (n)
Sù « nhiÔm. Air ~: ¤ nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ; Coastal ~ : ¤ nhiÔm ven biÓn;
~ fee: PhÝ ®èi
víi ng-êi g©y « nhiÔm; Industrial ~ : ¤ nhiÔm c«ng nghiÖp; Marine ~ : ¤
nhiÔm biÓn;
Urban ~ : ¤ nhiÔm ®« thÞ; Water ~ : ¤ nhiÔm nguån n-íc.
Pollution
abatement (n) Gi¶m thiÓu, lµm gi¶m bít « nhiÔm. ~ costs: Chi phÝ gi¶m thiÓu
« nhiÔm; ~
technology: C«ng nghÖ gi¶m thiÓu « nhiÔm.
Pollution
control strategy (n) ChiÕn l-îc ng¨n ngõa « nhiÔm.
Pollution
prevention (n) Phßng ngõa « nhiÔm.
Pollution-intensive
adj) G©y nhiÒu « nhiÔm (e.g. a ~ industry, investment project).
Poor (adj)
NghÌo, nghÌo ®ãi. The poor (n) Ng-êi nghÌo (e.g. Bank for the Poor: Ng©n
hµng Ng-êi
nghÌo).
Population (n)
D©n sè.; Pressures of ~ : Søc Ðp d©n sè.
Population
census (n) §iÒu tra d©n sè.
Population
density (n) MËt ®é d©n sè.
Population
distribution (n) Ph©n bè d©n sè.
Population
dynamics (n) §éng th¸i d©n sè.
Population
forecast (n) Dù b¸o d©n sè.
Population
growth (n) T¨ng d©n sè.
Population
planning (n) LËp kÕ ho¹ch vÒ d©n sè.
Portfolio (n)
Danh môc c¸c dù ¸n, do mét ng-êi hoÆc tæ chøc qu¶n lý (e.g. The World
Bank’s ~ in
Viet Nam).
Portfolio
investment (n) §Çu t- gi¸n tiÕp (b»ng cæ phÇn, cæ phiÕu).
Position (n) VÞ
trÝ, lËp tr-êng. Position oneself (v) Chän vÞ trÝ (e.g. UNDP should ~
itself in such
a way to assist the Government most effectively; UNDP is well-positioned
to support the
Government most effectively).
Poverty (n)
T×nh tr¹ng nghÌo, nghÌo ®ãi (i.e. a broadly defined term to mean
unacceptable
low living standards). To rise above ~ : Tho¸t khái c¶nh nghÌo ®ãi; to fall
back into ~ :
BÞ ®Èy trë l¹i c¶nh nghÌo ®ãi; t¸i nghÌo). Absolute ~ : NghÌo theo nghÜa
tuyÖt ®èi;
Extreme or hard core ~ : T×nh tr¹ng nghÌo cïng cùc; Relative ~ : T×nh tr¹ng
nghÌo t-¬ng
®èi.
Poverty
alleviation (n) Gi¶m nghÌo (e.g. A ~ strategy: ChiÕn l-îc gi¶m nghÌo).
Poverty
elimination, poverty eradication (n) Xo¸ ®ãi, gi¶m nghÌo.
Poverty gap (n)
Kho¶ng c¸ch nghÌo (i.e. measurement of the depth of poverty compared
to the poverty
line). ~ index: ChØ sè ®o kho¶ng c¸ch nghÌo (i.e. an index which shows,
in general
terms, how far the life of a poor group is below the poverty line).
Poverty
incidence or Poverty rate (n) Tû lÖ nghÌo ®ãi (i.e. the proportion of the
population
living below the poverty line); Overall (general, total) poverty rate: Tû lÖ
nghÌo tæng thÓ,
tû lÖ nghÌo chung.
Poverty line
(n) ChuÈn nghÌo (i.e. a condition of life so charactirized by malnutrition,
illiteracy and
disease as to be beneath the reasonable definition of human decency. e.g.
Different ~ s
will produce different estimates of how many people are “poor"; To rise
above the ~ :
Tho¸t khái ng-ìng nghÌo). National ~ : ChuÈn nghÌo quèc gia;
Internationally
comparable ~ : ChuÈn nghÌo quèc tÕ; Expenditure-based ~ : ChuÈn
nghÌo vÒ chi
tiªu; Income-based ~ : ChuÈn nghÌo vÒ thu nhËp; Food-based ~ : ChuÈn
nghÌo vÒ l-¬ng
thùc, thùc phÈm; Official ~ : ChuÈn nghÌo chÝnh thøc. Under or below
the ~ : D-íi
møc nghÌo (e.g. 50% of the population are living ~ ).
Poverty map (n)
B¶n ®å vÒ t×nh h×nh nghÌo ®ãi. Hence, Poverty mapping (n) VÏ b¶n
®å vÒ t×nh h×nh
nghÌo ®ãi.
Poverty ranking
(n) XÕp lo¹i ng-êi nghÌo (e.g. Proper ~ is a basis to develop sound
poverty
alleviation strategies).
Poverty
Reduction and Growth Facility- PRGF (n) ThÓ thøc hç trî xo¸ ®ãi, gi¶m
nghÌo vµ t¨ng
tr-ëng (i.e. IMF's loan facility which replaces the ESAF and which applies
to 80
low-income member countries with a per capity GDP at US$ 885 or below in
1999).
Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper - PRSP (n) V¨n b¶n chiÕn l-îc xo¸ ®ãi, gi¶m
nghÌo (i.e. a
policy document introduced in 1999 by IMF to replace the Policy
Framework Paper
as a condition for debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries. It
describes a
country's macroeconomic, structural and social policies and programmes to
promote growth
and reduce poverty).
Poverty
Reduction Support Credit - PRSC (n) TÝn dông hç trî xo¸ ®ãi, gi¶m nghÌo
(i.e. soft
credit which is provided by WB to poor countries eligible for IDA funding to
support the
implementation of the PRSP).
Poverty-stricken
(adj) Trong t×nh tr¹ng nghÌo ®ãi (e.g. ~ regions of the country: C¸c
vïng nghÌo ®ãi
cña ®Êt n-íc).
Practice (n)
TËp qu¸n Best ~ : TËp qu¸n tèt, kinh nghiÖm tèt (i.e. processes and
techniquest
that have produced outstanding results in a situation and that could be
adatpted to
another situation).
Practical
gender needs (n) Nhu cÇu thùc tiÔn vÒ giíi (i.e. needs which women identify
in their
accepted roles in society; these are practical in nature and often concern
inadequacies in
living conditions).
Practitioner
(n) Ng-êi thùc hµnh. Development ~ : Ng-êi thùc hµnh ph¸t triÓn.
Precautionary
principle (n) Nguyªn t¾c c¶nh b¸o tr-íc (i.e. a sustainable development
principle which
holds that where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack
of scientific
certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective
measures to
prevent environmental degradation).
Precursor (n)
TiÒn chÊt.
Preferential
(adj) ¦u ®·i (e.g. ~ trade arrangements: C¸c tho¶ thuËn th-¬ng m¹i -u
®·i).
Primary health
care (n) Ch¨m sãc søc khoÎ ban ®Çu.
Principles for
sustainable development law: C¸c nguyªn t¾c ph¸t triÓn bÒn v÷ng (i.e.
Public trust
doctrine, conservation of biodiversity, precautionary principle; inter-
generational
equity, internalization of environmental costs, intra-generational equity,
subsidiarity
principle, polluter pays principle and user pays principle).
Primary
products (n) S¶n phÈm th«.
Prior
obligation (n) §iÒu kiÖn tiªn quyÕt (i.e. an obligation that must be fulfilled
before
a project is
formally signed).
Prioritization
(n) (Sù) s¾p xÕp -u tiªn (e.g. The ~ socio-economic development projects
in the coming
years).
Prioritize (v)
S¾p xÕp -u tiªn (e.g To ~ work tasks in the next year: S¾p xÕp thø tù -u
tiªn c«ng viÖc
trong n¨m tíi).
Priority (n) ¦u
tiªn (e.g. Poverty reduction is a high ~ in the national socio-economic
development
plan: Xo¸ ®ãi, gi¶m nghÌo la -u tiªn cao trong kÕ ho¹ch ph¸t triÓn kinh tÕ -
x· héi cña quèc
gia).
Privatize (v)
T- nh©n ho¸. Hence, Privatization (n) Sù t- nh©n ho¸ (e.g. ~ of loss-
making public
businesses: T- nh©n ho¸ c¸c doanh nghiÖp c«ng lµm ¨n thua lç).
Proactive (adj)
Chñ ®éng. A ~ response: Ph¶n øng chñ ®éng, kh¸c víi a reactive
response).
Problem-solving
technique (n) Kü thuËt gi¶i quyÕt vÊn ®Ò.
Process (n) Qu¸
tr×nh, quy tr×nh.
Process
consultancy (n) T- vÊn vÒ quy tr×nh (i.e. a distinctive form of management
consultation in
which the consultant helps the client initiate and sustain a process of
change and
continuous learning for systematic improvement).
Process-oriented
(adj) §Þnh h-íng theo quy tr×nh, kh¸c víi Result-oriented (adj) §Þnh
h-íng theo kÕt
qu¶.
Procure (v) Mua
s¾m (e.g. To ~ equipment for a project: Mua s¾m thiÕt bÞ cho dù ¸n).
Procurement (n)
ViÖc mua s¾m. ~ procedures, rules: Thñ tôc mua s¾m, quy chÕ mua
s¾n;
International ~: Mua s¾m quèc tÕ; Local ~ : Mua s¾m trong n-íc.
Product (n) S¶n
phÈm. Cultural ~ s: S¶n phÈm v¨n ho¸; Tourist ~ s: S¶n phÈm du
lÞch.
Production
costs (n) Chi phÝ s¶n xuÊt.
Productive
employment (n) Lao ®éng cã n¨ng suÊt.
Productive role
(n) Vai trß trong s¶n xuÊt (cña phô n÷). Xem thªm Gender roles.
Programme (n)
Ch-¬ng tr×nh (i.e. a time-bound intervention which cuts across sectors,
themes, or
geographic areas, uses a multi-disciplinary approach, involves several
institutions,
and may be supported by different funding sources).
Programme aid
(n) ViÖn trî theo ch-¬ng tr×nh (i.e. financial assistance given to help
fund government
budget, often consisting of balance of payment support, general
budget support,
sector budget support and/or debt relief).
Programme or
programmatic approach (n) Ph-¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn theo ch-¬ng tr×nh
(i.e. a process
which allows Governments to articulate national priorities and realize
sustainable
development objectives through a coherent and participatory national
programme
framework).
Programme budgeting
(n) (Ph-¬ng ph¸p) lËp ng©n s¸ch theo ch-¬ng tr×nh (i.e.
budgeting
organized around broad programmes and linked to outcomes as performance
indicators).
Programming (n)
X©y dùng ch-¬ng tr×nh, dù ¸n (i.e. the process of screening,
evaluating, prioritizing
and ranking projects/programmes, given the scarce investment
resources).
Project (n) Dù
¸n (i.e. a time-bound intervention that consists of a set of planned, inter-
related
activities which are aimed at achieving defined objectives). ~ document: V¨n
kiÖn dù ¸n; ~
idea: ý t-ëng dù ¸n; ~ outline: §Ò c-¬ng dù ¸n.
Project aid (n)
ViÖn trî qua dù ¸n (i.e. assistance in the form of grants or loans that is
channelled
through specific projects to finance new, or the expansion of existing,
technical,
production and infrastructure facilities, or to improve human and institutional
capacities).
Project
appraisal (n) ThÈm ®Þnh dù ¸n (i.e. the project which provides a basis for
decisions
whether á not a project can be approved, based on certain criteria such as its
relevance,
feasibility, cost-effectiveness, design, etc…).
Project cycle
(n) Chu kú dù ¸n (i.e. the various stages through which a project moves.
The project
cycle is defined differently by different organizations but normally consists
of four main
stages: identification; preparation (including formulation, appraisal and
approval);
implementation and evaluation; and completion).
Project design
(n) ThiÕt kÕ dù ¸n (i.e. a process of project planning and analysis that
begins with
problem identification/analysis and leads to a clear explanation of the cause
and effect
relationships among the various project elements such as activities, inputs,
outputs,
objectives).
Project
document (n) V¨n kiÖn dù ¸n (i.e. a formal control document for a project
agreed to by
and between the recipient government, funding agency and selected
executing
agency).
Project
revision (n) §iÒu chØnh dù ¸n (i.e. the introduction of changes in an approved
and fully
signed project document or parts thereof).
Promote (v) Xóc
tiÕn (e.g. to ~ business, investment and trade).
Promotion (n)
Sù xóc tiÕn (e.g. business, investment and trade ~ ).
Property right
(n) QuyÒn së h÷u. Industrial ~ : QuyÒn së h÷u c«ng nghiÖp;
Intellectual ~
: QuyÒn së h÷u trÝ tuÖ.
Pro-poor (adj)
Hç trî ng-êi nghÌo. ~ economic growth: T¨ng tr-ëng kinh tÕ v× ng-êi
nghÌo; ~
policies: C¸c chÝnh s¸ch hç trî ng-êi nghÌo.
Protected area
(n) Khu vùc b¶o tån (i.e. an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated
to the
conservation of biological diversity, natural and cultural resources).
Terrestrial,
coastal, marine
~ : Khu vùc b¶o tån trªn ®Êt liÒn, ven biÓn, trªn biÓn; ~ management
(n) Qu¶n lý c¸c
khu vùc b¶o tån.
Protected areas
(n) C¸c khu b¶o tån. ~ ®-îc ph©n thµnh nhiÒu lo¹i nh-: habitat
management
area, hunting reserve, managed resource area, natural monument,
natural park,
nature reserve hay strict nature reserve, species management area, vµ
wilderness area
Protection (n)
Sù b¶o vÖ, sù b¶o hé. Social ~ : B¶o trî x· héi; Trade ~ : B¶o hé mËu
dÞch.
Protective
(adj) B¶o hé. ~ measures, devices: C¸c biÖn ph¸p b¶o hé.
Proxy (n) Thay
thÕ. ~ indicators: C¸c chØ sè thay thÕ; ~ variables: C¸c biÕn sè uû
nhiÖm (i.e. a
variable used in regression analysis to replace or "stand in for"
another
more
theoretically satisfactory variable which is either not measurable or fo which
data
is not
available).
Psychotropic
substance (n) ChÊt h-íng thÇn.
Public (adj)
Thuéc vÒ c«ng chóng, c«ng céng. ~ sector: Khu vùc c«ng céng; ~ services:
DÞch vô c«ng
céng.
Public
administration (n) Hµnh chÝnh c«ng. ~ reform: C¶i c¸ch hµnh chÝnh c«ng.
Public debt (n)
Nî c«ng.
Public
expenditure (n) Chi tiªu c«ng céng.
Public
expenditure management (n) Qu¶n lý chi tiªu c«ng céng (i.e. the process of
planning,
spending and accounting for public expenditure); Principles of ~ : C¸c
nguyªn t¾c qu¶n
lý chi tiªu c«ng céng (i.e. these principles are fiscal discipline,
allocation of
spending, efficiency of spending, integrating aid into the State budget,
public
accountability, public expenditure planning and financial management).
Public
expenditure review (n) KiÓm ®iÓm chi tiªu c«ng céng.
Public finance
(n) Tµi chÝnh c«ng.
Public goods
(n) Hµng ho¸ c«ng céng (i.e. goods that cannot be withheld from people
even if they do
not pay for them). International ~ : Hµng ho¸ c«ng céng quèc tÕ.
Public
investment (n) §Çu t- c«ng céng. ~ programme: Ch-¬ng tr×nh ®Çu t- c«ng
céng.
Public
relations (n) Quan hÖ c«ng céng, quan hÖ ®èi ngo¹i (cña mét c¬ quan víi c¸c ®èi
t¸c).
Public sector
(n) Khu vùc kinh tÕ c«ng céng (i.e. the portion of the economy whose
(economic and
non-economic activities are under the control and direction of the State).
Public trust
doctrine (n) Nguyªn t¾c x©y dùng lßng tin cña c«ng chóng (i.e. a
sustainable
development principle which places a duty on the State to hold environmental
resources in
trust for the benefit of the public).
Purchasing
power parity (n) Søc mua t-¬ng ®-¬ng (i.e. a method of measuring the
relative purchasing
power of different countries' currencies over the same types of goods
and services).
Q
Qualified (adj)
Cã ®ñ tiªu chuÈn, ®ñ tr×nh ®é, ®ñ n¨ng lùc. ~ candidates: C¸c øng viªn
cã ®ñ tiªu
chuÈn; ~ approval: Sù ®ång ý dÌ dÆt (cã ®iÒu kiÖn).
Qualify (v) Cã
®ñ tr×nh ®é, ®ñ tiªu chuÈn (e.g. Our team has qualified for the next round
of
competition); Ph¸t biÓu thªm, ®Ó lµm râ hoÆc ®Ó giíi h¹n ph¹m vi mét ý kiÕn
tr-íc ®ã
(e.g. I feel I
must ~ my earlier remarks in case they are misinterpreted).
Qualitative
(adj) §Þnh tÝnh, thuéc vÒ chÊt l-îng. ~ analysis: Ph©n tÝch ®Þnh tÝnh;
~ improvement:
C¶i thiÖn vÒ chÊt.
Quality (n)
ChÊt l-îng. ~ control: KiÓm tra chÊt l-îng; ~ management: Qu¶n lý chÊt
l-îng; ~
standards: Tiªu chuÈn chÊt l-îng.
Quality of
growth (n) ChÊt l-îng t¨ng tr-ëng.
Quality of life
(n) ChÊt l-îng cuéc sèng (i.e. a concept embracing an miscellany of
desirable
things, not always recognized in the market place, such as housing, working
conditions,
health and educational services, environmental conditions, community
relationships,
justice, freedom, safety, law, order...).
Quantifiable
(adj) Cã thÓ l-îng ho¸ ®-îc (e.g. ~ results, benefits).
Quantify (v)
L-îng ho¸ (e.g. To ~ the benefits of a social development project).
Quantitative
(adj) §Þnh l-îng, thuéc vÒ l-îng. ~ analysis: Ph©n tÝch ®Þnh l-îng;
~ improvement:
C¶i thiÖn vÒ l-îng; ~ restrictions: H¹n chÕ vÒ sè l-îng.
Questionnaire
(n) PhiÕu c©u hái, b¶ng c©u hái. Survey ~ : PhiÕu c©u hái ®iÒu tra.
Quick disbursing
(adj) Gi¶i ng©n nhanh. ~ loans: C¸c kho¶n cho vay gi¶i ng©n nhanh.
Quintile (n)
Nhãm ®iÒu tra (e.g. Expenditure ~ : Nhãm ®iÒu tra theo chi tiªu;
Income ~ : Nhãm
®iÒu tra theo thu nhËp).
Quota (n) H¹n
ng¹ch. ~ system: HÖ thèng cÊp h¹n ng¹ch; Export ~ : H¹n ng¹ch xuÊt
khÈu; Import ~
: H¹n ng¹ch nhËp khÈu.
Quotation (n)
B¶n b¸o gi¸ (e.g The ~ for a piece of equipment: B¶n b¸o gi¸ cho mét
môc thiÕt bÞ).
Quote (v) B¸o
gi¸ (e.g. To ~ US$ 1500 for the computer: B¸o gi¸ 1.500 USD cho chiÕc
m¸y vi tÝnh).
R
Raise (v) N©ng
cao, lµm t¨ng thªm. To ~ awareness of something: N©ng cao nhËn thøc
vÒ … (e.g. ~ of
gender, environmental issues, HIV/AIDS: N©ng cao nhËn thøc vÒ giíi,
m«i tr-êng,
HIV/AIDS).
Rapid rural
appraisal (n) (Ph-¬ng ph¸p) ®¸nh gi¸ nhanh n«ng th«n (i.e. a method with
which a
multi-disciplinary team of researchers use social science tools for a quick
collection of
primary data and transform such data into secondary data for assessment
and analysis).
Rating system
(n) HÖ thèng cho ®iÓm (i.e. an instrument for forming and validating a
judgement on
the relevance, performance and success of a project through the use of a
scale with
numeric, alphabetic and/or descriptive codes).
Reactive (adj)
Thô ®éng (e.g. A ~ response: Ph¶n øng thô ®éng), kh¸c víi Proactive.
Real GDP per
capita (n) Tæng thu nhËp quèc néi thùc tÝnh theo ®Çu ng-êi.
Recipient (n)
Ng-êi tiÕp nhËn (viÖn trî). ~ country: N-íc nhËn viÖn trî; ~ agency: C¬
quan nhËn viÖn
trî.
Recommend (v)
§-a ra khuyÕn nghÞ (e.g. The consultant team ~ that the current land
tenure be
extended in order to further promote agricultural production).
Recommendation
(n) KhuyÕn nghÞ (e.g. The consultant has offered a series of ~ s in
order to
improve financial performance and accountability of State-owned enterprises).
Reconcile (v)
Dung hoµ (e.g. To ~ different procedures of the Government and donors);
C©n ®èi (e.g.
To ~ the final budget accounts of the project).
Reconciliation
(n) Sù dung hoµ, sù c©n ®èi (e.g. the ~ of different points of view, year-
end financial
accounts).
Recycle (v) T¸i
t¹o, t¸i sinh. Hence, Recycled (adj) §-îc t¸i t¹o (e.g. ~ materials: VËt
liÖu t¸i t¹o).
Recycling (n)
Sù t¸i t¹o, tËn dông (e.g. the ~ of waste materials: T¸i t¹o c¸c chÊt th¶i).
Red tape (n) TÖ
quan liªu.
Reduction (n)
Gi¶m, c¾t gi¶m. ~ of drug-related harms: Gi¶m t¸c h¹i do ma tuý g©y
ra; ~ of
poverty: Gi¶m nghÌo.
Redundancy (n)
Lao ®éng d«i d-. ~ Support Fund: Quü hç trî lao ®éng d«i d-.
Reforestation
(n) Trång rõng.
Refugees (n)
Ng-êi tÞ n¹n (i.e. people who have fled their countries because of well-
founded fear of
persecution for reasons of their race, religion, nationality, political
opinion or
membership in a social group, and who cannot or do not want to return).
Regulatory
(adj) Cã tÝnh ph¸p quy, kh¸c víi Non-regulatory. A ~ approach: Ph-¬ng
ph¸p tiÕp cËn
mang tÝnh ph¸p quy.
Regulatory
framework (n) Khu«n khæ ph¸p quy.
Regulatory
instruments (n) C¸c c«ng cô mang tÝnh ph¸p quy (e.g. ~ approaches,
instruments for
environmental management).
Reintegration
(n) Sù t¸i hoµ nhËp (e.g. The ~ of Vietnamese returnees from Hong
Kong: Sù t¸i
hoµ nhËn cña nh÷ng ng-êi tÞ n¹n ViÖt Nam tõ Hång C«ng trë vÒ).
Relevance (n)
Sù thÝch hîp (i.e. the degree to which the objectives of a project remain
valid within
the immediate context and external environment of that project).
Relevant (adj)
ThÝch hîp (e.g. ~ to local conditions: ThÝch hîp víi ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa
ph-¬ng).
Relocation (n)
ChuyÓn vïng, chuyÓn ®Þa ®iÓm. ~ of an industry: ChuyÓn vïng c«ng
nghiÖp (i.e.
the practice of transferring the production of certain goods and services to
countries with
lower labour costs).
Relocation
allowances (n) Trî cÊp chuyÓn vïng c«ng t¸c.
Remunerate (v)
Tr¶ c«ng, tr¶ thï lao (e.g. To ~ him for his lecturing during the training
workshop).
Remuneration
(n) Sù tr¶ c«ng, tr¶ thï lao. ~ rate: Møc thï lao.
Renewable (adj)
Cã kh¶ n¨ng t¸i sinh, kh¸c víi Non-renewable. ~ energies: C¸c nguån
n¨ng l-îng t¸i
sinh, nh- n¨ng l-îng mÆt trêi, n¨ng l-îng giã, thuû lîi nhá.
Rent seeking
(n) Lîi dông ®Æc quyÒn, ®Æc lîi.
Repatriation
(n) Håi h-¬ng (e.g. The ~ of Vietnamese “boat-people”: Håi h-¬ng
“thuyÒn nh©n”
ng-êi ViÖt Nam).
Repay (v) Hoµn
tr¶, tr¶ nî (e.g. to ~ the loan within ten years).
Repayment (n)
Sù hoµn tr¶, tr¶ nî. ~ conditions: Nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn tr¶ nî.
Replacement
level fertility (n) Møc sinh thay thÕ (i.e. fertility level at which couples
have the number
of children required to replace themselves, that is two children).
Replicate (v)
Nh©n réng (e.g. To ~ the successful lessons learned from recent projects).
Replication (n)
Sù nh©n réng. Replicability (n) Kh¶ n¨ng nh©n réng.
Report (n) B¸o
c¸o. Annual progress ~ : B¸o c¸o tiÕn ®é hµng n¨m; Periodical
progress ~ : B¸o
c¸o tiÕn ®é ®Þnh kú; Quarterly progress ~ : B¸o c¸o tiÕn ®é hµng
quý; Terminal ~
: B¸o c¸o kÕt thóc.
Reproductive
health (n) Søc khoÎ sinh s¶n.
Reproductive
role (n) Vai trß sinh s¶n cña phô n÷. Xem thªm Gender roles.
Research and
development (R & D): Nghiªn cøu vµ triÓn khai. R & D institutes: C¸c
viÖn nghiªn cøu
vµ triÓn khai.
Resource (n)
Nguån lùc. Domestic ~: Nguån lùc trong n-íc, néi lùc; External ~:
Nguån lùc tõ
bªn ngoµi; Financial ~ : Nguån lùc tµi chÝnh; Human ~ : Nguån nh©n lùc;
Natural ~ s :
Tµi nguyªn thiªn nhiªn .
Resource
allocation (n) Ph©n bæ nguån lùc.
Resource
mobilization (n) Huy ®éng nguån lùc. ~ strategy: ChiÕn l-îc huy ®éng nguån
lùc.
Resource-intensive
(adj) CÇn nhiÒu tµi nguyªn (e.g. a ~ industry).
Restructure (v)
S¾p xÕp l¹i c¬ cÊu, chuyÓn dÞch c¬ cÊu (e.g. To ~ the national
economy).
Restructuring
(n) Sù chuyÓn dÞch c¬ cÊu, s¾p xÕp l¹i c¬ cÊu (e.g. The ~ of the national
economy).
Result (n) KÕt
qu¶ (i.e. is a broad term used to refer to the effects of a project. The terms
outputs,
outcomes and impact describe more precisely the different types of results at
various levels
of aggregation).
Result-based
management (n) Ph-¬ng ph¸p qu¶n lý g¾n víi kÕt qu¶ (i.e. a management
method which is
aimed at improving performance and achieving results).
Result-oriented
(adj) §Þnh h-íng theo kÕt qu¶ (e.g. Our action plan must be ~ ).
Retraining (n)
§µo t¹o l¹i (i.e. training designed to equip workers displaced by
technological
change or retrenchments with new skills for which there is a demand in the
labour market).
Retrenchment
(n) Lao ®éng d- thõa, d- d«i lao ®éng (e.g. retrenchements due to the
divestiture of
loss-making State-owned enterprises).
Return (n) Lîi
nhuËn. A high rate of ~ : Tû suÊt sinh lêi cao; Internal ~ : Tû suÊt lîi
tøc néi hoµn.
Return on
equity (n) Tû suÊt sinh lêi trªn vèn cæ phÇn.
Return on
invested capital (n) Tû suÊt sinh lêi trªn vèn ®Çu t-.
Return on sales
(n) Tû suÊt sinh lêi trªn doanh thu.
Review (n) KiÓm
®iÓm. Annual ~ : KiÓm ®iÓm hµng n¨m; Periodical ~ : KiÓm ®iÓm ®Þnh
kú; Quarterly ~
: KiÓm ®iÓm hµng quý; Terminal ~ : KiÓm ®iÓm kÕt thóc.
Revise (v) §iÒu
chØnh, söa ®æi (e.g. to ~ a policy, a workplan, a project document).
Revision (n) Sù
®iÒu chØnh, söa ®æi. Budget ~ : §iÒu chØnh ng©n s¸ch; Project ~ : Söa
®æi dù ¸n.
Revolving (adj)
Quay vßng. ~ credit: TÝn dông quay vßng; ~ fund: Quü quay vßng.
Right (n)
QuyÒn. ~s of the child: QuyÒn cña trÎ em; Development ~s : QuyÒn tham gia
ph¸t triÓn;
Human ~ : QuyÒn con ng-êi.
Rights-based
(adj) Dùa vµo c¸c quyÒn con ng-êi. A ~ approach to development:
Ph-¬ng ph¸p
tiÕp cËn ph¸t triÓn dùa vµo c¸c quyÒn con ng-êi.
Risk (n) Rñi
ro. ~ averse (adj): Sî rñi ro; ~ tolerant (adj): Gi¸m chÞu rñi ro;
Actuarial ~ :
Rñi ro ®-îc b¶o hiÓm.
Risk analysis,
assessment and management: Ph©n tÝch, ®¸nh gi¸ vµ qu¶n lý rñi ro.
Risk
minimization and diversification: Gi¶m thiÓu vµ ph©n t¸n rñi ro.
Risk of
acquiring or contracting HIV (n) Nguy c¬ bÞ nhiÔm HIV.
Road map (n) Lé
tr×nh (e.g. a ~ for Viet Nam's full economic integration with ASEAN).
Rolling
principle (n) Nguyªn t¾c cuèn chiÕu.
Round Table
Meeting Héi nghÞ bµn trßn (i.e. a periodic meeting, chaired by UNDP,
between the
Government of a developing country and its major aid partners for
dialoguing on
national issuses and priorities and mobilizing additional external
assistance.).
Rule of law ChÕ
®é ph¸p trÞ (i.e. equal protection - of human, property and other
economic rights
- and punishment under the law).
Rules of origin
(n) Quy chÕ n-íc xuÊt xø (i.e. restrictions on a country from which
publicly
procured goods and services may originate, applying in particular to "tied
aid").
Rule-based
(adj) Dùa vµo quy chÕ (e.g. an open, non-discriminatory and ~ trading
system: HÖ
thèng th-¬ng m¹i më, kh«ng ph©n biÖt ®èi xö vµ dùa vµo quy chÕ).
Rural - urban
disparity (n) Møc chªnh lÖch gi÷a n«ng th«n vµ thµnh thÞ.
Rural credit
(n) TÝn dông n«ng th«n.
Rural
development (n) Ph¸t triÓn n«ng th«n.
Rural economy
(n) Kinh tÕ n«ng th«n.
Rural
employment (n) ViÖc lµm ë n«ng th«n.
Rural industry
(n) C«ng nghiÖp n«ng th«n.
Rural
infrastructure (n) KÕt cÊu h¹ tÇng n«ng th«n, h¹ tÇng c¬ së n«ng th«n.
Rural planning
(n) Quy ho¹ch n«ng th«n.
Rural water and
sanitation (n) N-íc s¹ch vµ vÖ sinh ë n«ng th«n.
Sector-wide
approach (SWAP) (n) C¸ch tiÕp cËn theo ngµnh (i.e. a mechanism by
which a
government and its donor(s) can support the development of a sector in an
integrated
manner through a single sector policy and expenditure programme under
government
leadership).
S
Safety net (n)
M¹ng l-íi an toµn (i.e. a social security system that provides basic
services and
needs to poor and vulnerable groups who are unable to provide these for
themselves).
Sample (n) MÉu.
A random ~ : MÉu ngÉu nhiªn; A ~ representative ~ : MÉu ®¹i diÖn
Sampling (n)
Chän mÉu (®iÒu tra). ~ procedures: Quy tr×nh chän mÉu ®iÒu tra;
~ techniques
(n) Kü thuËt chän mÉu ®iÒu tra.
Sanitation (n)
VÖ sinh m«i tr-êng (e.g. urban ~ : VÖ sinh m«i tr-êng ®« thÞ).
School (n)
Tr-êng häc. ~ age: Tuæi ®i häc; ~ discipline: Kû luËt häc ®-êng;
~ environment:
M«i tr-êng häc ®-êng.
School drop-out
rate (n) Tû lÖ bá häc.
School
enrolment rate (n) Tû lÖ ®i häc, tû lÖ nhËp häc (nÕu tÝnh vµo ®Çu n¨m häc).
Sector budget
support (n) Hç trî ng©n s¸ch ngµnh (i.e. a form of programme aid that is
provided by the
IMF to finance an expenditure programme in a particular sector).
Sector review
(n) Nghiªn cøu tæng quan ngµnh (e.g. To conduct a ~ for agriculture and
rural
development: TiÕn hµnh nghiªn cøu tæng quan vÒ n«ng nghiÖp vµ ph¸t triÓn n«ng
th«n).
Sectoral (adj)
Theo ngµnh. ~ approach: Ph-¬ng ph¸p tiÕp cËn theo ngµnh;
~ development:
Ph¸t triÓn ngµnh; ~ planning: Quy ho¹ch ngµnh.
Seed money (n)
Nguån vèn lµm h¹t gièng (i.e. an amount of capital which is used to
create good
conditions for attracting further investment). Also Catalyst money.
Self-employed
(adj) Tù t¹o viÖc lµm. Hence, Self-employment: ViÖc lµm tù t¹o.
Self-help (n)
Tù lùc tù c-êng (i.e. activities carried out by the community on its own
initiative and
for its own benefit).
Sensitize (v)
VËn ®éng, cho lµm quen víi. Hence, Sensitization (n) Sù vËn ®éng (e.g. a ~
mission: Mét
ph¸i ®oµn ®i vËn ®éng).
Sequence (v)
X¾p xÕp tr×nh tù (e.g. to ~ economic reform measures: X¾p xÕp tr×nh tù
c¸c biÖn ph¸p
c¶i c¸ch kinh tÕ).
Sequencing (n)
Sù x¾p xÕp tr×nh tù (e.g. the ~ of public administration and economic
reform
measures).
Service (n)
DÞch vô, sù phôc vô. Public ~ s: C¸c dÞch vô c«ng céng; Social ~ s: C¸c
dÞch vô x· héi.
Service-minded
(adj) Cã ý thøc phôc vô, cã tinh thÇn phôc vô (e.g. a ~ person).
Service-oriented
(adj) §Þnh h-íng dÞch vô (e.g. a ~ organization).
Sewage (n) N-íc
th¶i . domestic ~ : N-íc th¶i sinh ho¹t; Industrial ~ : N-íc th¶i
c«ng nghiÖp.
Sewage disposal
and treatment (n) Thu gom vµ xö lý n-íc th¶i.
Sex (n) Giíi
tÝnh (Differing from Gender, Sex is defined to refer to biological
differences
between men and women). Safe ~ : T×nh dôc an toµn; Unprotected ~ : T×nh
dôc kh«ng an
toµn.
Sex roles (n)
C¸c vai trß giíi tÝnh, kh¸c víi c¸c vai trß vÒ giíi (xem thªm Gender
roles). Vai trß
giíi tÝnh ®Ò cËp ®Õn kh¶ n¨ng cña nam giíi trong quan hÖ sinh s¶n víi phô
n÷ vµ kh¶ n¨ng
cña phô n÷ trong viÖc sinh con vµ nu«i con.
Sex-disaggregated
data (n) Sè liÖu ph©n theo giíi tÝnh.
Sexual (adj)
Thuéc vÒ giíi tÝnh, t×nh dôc. ~ abuse: L¹m dông t×nh dôc; ~ harassment:
QuÊy rèi t×nh
dôc; ~ behaviour: Hµnh vi t×nh dôc. ~ health: Søc khoÎ t×nh dôc.
Sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs): C¸c c¨n bÖnh truyÒn theo ®-êng t×nh dôc;
Asymptomatic
and symptomatic ~ : C¸c bÖnh STD cã triÖu chøng vµ kh«ng cã triÖu
chøng; STD
output: Sù bïng ph¸t cña c¸c bÖnh STD.
Shared (adj)
Cïng chia sÎ. ~ goal: Môc ®Ých chung; ~ natural and water resources:
Nguån tµi
nguyªn thiªn nhiªn vµ nguån n-íc chung (i.e. resources that are shared by two
or more
countries); ~ values: C¸c gi¸ trÞ chung; ~ vision: TÇm nh×n chung.
Sharing (n) Sù
chia sÎ. ~ of experience: Chia sÎ kinh nghiÖm; ~ of information: Chia
sÎ th«ng tin; ~
of knowledge: Chia sÎ tri thøc.
Shifting
cultivation or farming (n) Du canh (i.e. a farming system in which land is
periodically
cleared, farmed and then returned to fallow).
Shooting star
(n) Ng«i sao ®ang lªn, c¸ nh©n hoÆc hé ®ang trë nªn giµu cã h¬n (i.e. an
individual or
hourshold which has become better off or richer).
Shortlist (v)
S¬ tuyÓn (e.g. Ten of the thirty candidates were shortlisted for the final
interview).
Hence, Shortlisting (n) Sù s¬ tuyÓn (e.g. The ~ of the long list of
candidates).
Silviculture
(n) L©m sinh (i.e. a branch of forestry that is concerned with the methods of
raising and
growing trees).
Simplification
(n) Sù ®¬n gi¶n hãa (e.g. the ~ of administrative, trade procedures).
Simplify (v)
§¬n gi¶n ho¸. (e.g. To ~ customs, foreign direct investment procedures).
Size (n) Cì,
quy m« (e.g. the family ~ : Sè ng-êi b×nh qu©n trong gia ®×nh; the ~ of an
assistance
programme: Quy m« ch-¬ng tr×nh viÖn trî). “One size fits all”: Mét cì võa
cho mäi ng-êi
(e.g. There isn't a ~ solution for all developing countries: Kh«ng cã mét
gi¶i ph¸p chung
cho tÊt c¶ c¸c n-íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn).
Sinking stone
(n) T¶ng ®¸ ®ang ch×m xuèng, c¸ nh©n hoÆc hé ®ang trë nªn nghÌo ®ãi
h¬n (i.e. an
individual or household which has become worse off or poorer).
Slash-and-burn
farming (n) §èt rõng lµm rÉy.
Smuggling (n)
Bu«n lËu. Cross-border ~ : Bu«n lËu qua biªn giíi.
Social (adj)
Thuéc vÒ x· héi.
Social
alienation (n) (T×nh tr¹ng) bÞ x· héi xa l¸nh.
Social
behaviour (n) Hµnh vi x· héi.
Social change
(n) Thay ®æi vÒ x· héi.
Social cohesion
(n) Sù g¾n kÕt x· héi.
Social costs
(n) Chi phÝ x· héi, ¶nh h-ëng tiªu cùc vÒ x· héi (e.g. ~ of reform, structural
adjustment,
globalization: Nh÷ng chi phÝ, ¶nh h-ëng tiªu cùc vÒ x· héi cña c¶i c¸ch,
®iÒu chØnh c¬
cÊu, toµn cÇu ho¸).
Social
cost-benefit analysis (n) Ph©n tÝch chi phÝ - lîi Ých x· héi (i.e. a technique
which
attempts to set
out and evaluate the social costs and social benefits of investment
projects).
Social
development (n) Ph¸t triÓn x· héi.
Social
environment (n)) M«i tr-êng x· héi.
Social equity
(n) C«ng b»ng x· héi.
Social
exclusion (n) T×nh tr¹ng bÞ g¹t ra lÒ x· hé.
Social fabric
(n) Mèi liªn kÕt x· héi.
Social forestry
(n) L©m nghiÖp x· héi (i.e. the practice of using trees and/or tree
planting
specifically to pursue social objectives, usually betterment of the poor
through
delivery of the
benefits to the local people).
Social
indicators (n) C¸c chØ sè x· héi.
Social
integration (n) Hoµ nhËp vÒ x· héi.
Social
mobilization (n) VËn ®éng x· héi.
Social norms
(n) C¸c chuÈn mùc x· héi.
Social
opportunity cost (n) ChÝ phÝ c¬ héi (vÒ mÆt) x· héi (i.e. the losses and gains
in
economic
welfare which are incurred by society as a whole if a particular project is
undertaken).
Social
protection (n) B¶o trî x· héi.
Social relief
fund (n) Quü cøu trî x· héi.
Social safety
net (n) M¹ng l-íi an sinh x· héi.
Social security
(n) B¶o hiÓm x· héi. ~ systems: C¸c hÖ thèng b¶o hiÓm x· héi.
Social survey
(n) §iÒu tra x· héi häc.
Social value
(n) Gi¸ trÞ x· héi.
Social welfare
programme (n) Ch-¬ng tr×nh phóc lîi x· héi.
Socialization
(n) X· héi ho¸ (In the Vietnamese context, socialization means the
sharing of
social costs in undertaking development activities between the State, Non-
State sectors
and population, e.g. the ~ of cultural and sport activities).
Soft loan (n)
Kho¶n vèn vay -u ®·i, xem thªm Concessionary.
Solid waste (n)
ChÊt th¶i r¾n. ~ management: Qu¶n lý chÊt th¶i r¾n.
Son preference
(n) (T©m lý) thÝch con trai, chuéng con trai.
Species
diversity (n) §a d¹ng loµi.
Species
management area (n) Khu b¶o tån c¸c loµi ®éng vËt.
Stakeholder (n)
§èi t-îng, ng-êi hoÆc bªn cã liªn quan (i.e. people, groups, entities
that have a
role and interest in a project, activity). Hence, ~ group: Nhãm ®èi t-îng.
Stakeholder
analysis (n) Ph©n tÝch c¸c nhãm ®èi t-îng.
Stakeholder
participation (n) Sù tham gia cña c¸c nhãm ®èi t-îng. ~ framework:
Khu«n khæ hay
c¬ chÕ cho phÐp c¸c nhãm ®èi t-îng cïng tham gia.
Stand-alone
(adj) §éc lËp, ®¬n lÎ (e.g. A ~ project: Dù ¸n ®¬n lÎ; A ~ computer: M¸y vi
tÝnh ®éc lËp,
tøc kh«ng nèi m¹ng).
State of the
art (n) T©n tiÕn nhÊt, míi nhÊt. A ~ technology: C«ng nghÖ t©n tiÕn nhÊt.
State of the
Environment Report (n) B¸o c¸o vÒ hiÖn tr¹ng m«i tr-êng.
State ruled by
law (n) Nhµ n-íc ph¸p quyÒn.
State-owned
enterprise (n) Doanh nghiÖp Nhµ n-íc, viÕt t¾t lµ SOE. ~ reform: C¶i
c¸ch doanh
nghiÖp Nhµ n-íc; ~ restructuring: X¾p xÕp l¹i doanh nghiÖp Nhµ n-íc.
Stock of total
capital (n) Tæng nguån vèn. ~ has three types of assets, namely man-
made capital,
human capital and natural capital.
Strategic (adj)
Mang tÝnh chiÕn l-îc; ~ evaluation: Cuéc ®¸nh gi¸ mang tÝnh chiÕn
l-îc; ~
framework: Khu«n khæ chiÕn l-îc.
Strategic
gender needs (n) Nhu cÇu chiÕn l-îc vÒ giíi (i.e. needs which women identify
because of
their subordinate position in society; these are strategic in nature and may
include legal
rights, division of labour, equal wages, domestic violence...).
Strategic
planning (n) LËp quy ho¹ch chiÕn l-îc (i.e. the process of examining an
organization's
current situation, setting goals and developing the "means" to
achieve
those goals as
well as measuring the results).
Streamline (v)
Tinh gi¶n (e.g. To ~ public administration: Tinh gi¶n nÒn hµnh chÝnh
c«ng). Hence,
Streamlining (n) Sù tinh gi¶n (e.g. The ~ of public administration).
Street children
(n) TrÎ em lang thang c¬ nhì, trÎ em ®-êng phè.
Strict nature
reserve (n) Khu b¶o tån thiªn nhiªn nghiªm ngÆt.
Structural
(adj) Thuéc vÒ c¬ cÊu.
Structural
adjustment (n) §iÒu chØnh c¬ cÊu (i.e. Government action which is directed
towards
altering the structure of the economy). ~ credit: TÝn dông ®iÒu chØnh c¬ cÊu;
~ programme:
Ch-¬ng tr×nh ®iÒu chØnh c¬ cÊu.
Structural
Adjustment Facility (SAF): ThÓ thøc hç trî ®iÒu chØnh c¬ cÊu, do IMF lËp
ra n¨m 1986 ®Ó
hç trî c¸n c©n thanh to¸n cña c¸c n-íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn cã thu nhËp thÊp.
Structural
change (n) Thay ®æi c¬ cÊu.
Structural
shifting (n) ChuyÓn dÞch c¬ cÊu.
Structural
unemployment (n) ThÊt nghiÖp c¬ cÊu.
Study tour (n)
ChuyÕn ®i kh¶o s¸t (e.g. an overseas ~ : ChuyÕn ®i kh¶o s¸t n-íc ngoµi).
Stunted (adj)
BÞ cßi (e.g. A ~ child: §øa trÎ bÞ cßi).
Stunting (n)
T×nh tr¹ng cßi ë trÎ em (i.e. height for age falls below international
standard norms,
usually indicating nutritional deficiencies in an earlier period of a
child’s
growth).
Sub-contract
(n) Hîp ®ång phô (e.g. To ~ something to somebody: Ký hîp ®ång phô
víi mét ng-êi
nµo ®ã ®Ó lµm mét viÖc g×).
Subsistence (n)
Sù tån t¹i (i.e. that which is directly needed for consumption or to exist).
~ economy: NÒn
kinh tÕ tù tóc tù cÊp; ~ farming: ChÕ ®é canh t¸c tù tóc tù cÊp. Xem
thªm Farming.
Substance (n)
Néi dung, chÊt.
Substantive
(adj) Thuéc néi dung, vÒ chÊt (e.g. a ~ role, input: Vai trß, ®ãng gãp vÒ néi
dung; a ~
change: Sù thay ®æi vÒ chÊt).
Success
indicator (n) Tiªu chÝ ®¸nh gi¸ thµnh c«ng.
Success story
(n) Bµi häc thµnh c«ng (e.g. The UNDP/UNCDF-funded project on
“promoting
small rural infrastructure development in Quang Nam province” was a ~ ).
Supply (n)
Cung, l-îng cung (e.g. The ~ of skilled labour is below demand: L-îng cung
lao ®éng lµnh
nghÒ kh«ng ®¸p øng ®ñ nhu cÇu); Aggregate ~ : Tæng cung; Excess ~ :
D- cung.
Supply
management (n) Qu¶n lý l-îng cung.
Supply pull
inflation(n) L¹m ph¸t do cung v-ît qu¸ cÇu.
Supply- side
economics (n) Kinh tÕ häc träng cung, kh¸c víi Demand-side economics.
Supply-demand
relationship (n) Quan hÖ cung – cÇu.
Supply-driven:
Träng cung, do cung chi phèi (e.g. ~ development aid: ViÖn trî ph¸t
triÓn do bªn
cung chi phèi).
Surplus (n)
ThÆng d-, d- thõa. Budget ~ : ThÆng d- ng©n s¸ch; Labour ~ : Lao ®éng
d- thõa; Trade
~: ThÆng d- th-¬ng m¹i.
Survey (n) §iÒu
tra. Social ~ : §iÒu tra x· héi häc.
Sustainability
(n) TÝnh bÒn v÷ng (e.g. The ~ of economic growth: TÝnh bÒn v÷ng cña
t¨ng tr-ëng
kinh tÕ). Strategies for ~ : C¸c chiÕn l-îc ph¸t triÓn bÒn v÷ng (i.e. the
general term to
describe various environment-related plans, such as conservation
strategy,
environmental action plan, environmental management plan, sustainable
development
strategy).
Sustainable
(adj) Mang tÝnh bÒn v÷ng. ~ farming and livelihoods: ph-¬ng ph¸p canh
t¸c vµ kiÕm
sèng bÒn v÷ng; ~ use: Sö dông bÒn v÷ng; ~ yield: N¨ng suÊt bÒn v÷ng;
Environmentally,
economically and financially ~ : BÒn v÷ng vÒ m«i tr-êng, kinh tÕ vµ
tµi chÝnh.
Sustainable
agriculture (n) N«ng nghiÖp bÒn v÷ng (i.e. agricultural practices that
ensure
long-term productivity with few harmful effects).
Sustainable
development (n) Ph¸t triÓn bÒn v÷ng (i.e. development that meets the
needs of the
present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own
needs). Commission on ~ : Héi ®ång vÒ Ph¸t triÓn BÒn v÷ng, ®-îc thµnh
lËp t¹i Héi
nghÞ cña LHQ vÒ M«i tr-êng vµ Ph¸t triÓn n¨m 1992 t¹i Rio de Janeiro.
Sustainable
human development (n) Ph¸t triÓn con ng-êi bÒn v÷ng (i.e. an integrated,
multi-disciplinary
approach to development, which places people at the center of the
development
process and advocates the protection of life opportunities for present and
future
generations while respecting the natural systems upon which all life depends).
Sustainable
industry (n) C«ng nghiÖp bÒn v÷ng (i.e. industrial development that
encourages a
competitive economy, creates productive employment and protects the
environment).
Sustainable
tourism (n) Du lÞch bÒn v÷ng (i.e. tourism that is developed in such a way
that it remains
viable over a long period and does not degrade its surrounding
environment to
a degree that it prohibits the successful development of other activities)
Swap (n) Ho¸n
®æi. ~ arrangements: C¸c tho¶ thuËn ho¸n ®æi, tr¸o nî.
Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA): C¬ quan Hîp t¸c
Ph¸t triÓn Quèc
tÕ Thuþ §iÓn.
Swidden farming
(n) Du canh. Xem thªm Shifting farming.
Swiss Agency
for Development and Cooperation (SDC): C¬ quan Hîp t¸c vµ Ph¸t
triÓn Thuþ SÜ.
Synergy (n) T¸c
®éng tæng hîp, søc m¹nh tæng hîp (i.e. the interaction of two or more
efforts in
order to ensure greater overall effect).
System (n) HÖ
thèng. Systems analysis: Ph©n tÝch hÖ thèng; Systems design: ThiÕt kÕ
hÖ thèng (i.e.
development of an integrated method for conducting a required article or
performing a
desired operation).
Systematic
(adj) Mang tÝnh hÖ thèng (e.g. A ~ approach: Mét c¸ch tiÕp cËn mang tÝnh hÖ
thèng).
T
Take-off (n) Sù
cÊt c¸nh. Economic ~ : Sù cÊt c¸nh vÒ kinh tÕ, khëi s¾c vÒ kinh tÕ.
Tangible (n)
H÷u h×nh, vËt thÓ; cô thÓ. ~ asset, heritage, value: Tµi s¶n, di s¶n, gi¸ trÞ
h÷u h×nh hoÆc
vËt thÓ; ~ result: KÕt qu¶ cô thÓ.
Target (n) ChØ
tiªu, môc tiªu. ~ lµ ®iÒu dù kiÕn ®¹t ®-îc sau khi dù ¸n kÕt thóc. To
target (v) X¸c
®Þnh ®èi t-îng, ®Þnh h-íng (e.g. To ~ the poor: X¸c ®Þnh ®èi t-îng ng-êi
nghÌo, ®Þnh
h-íng phôc vô ng-êi nghÌo).
Target
beneficiary (n) §èi t-îng thô h-ëng, ng-êi thô h-ëng.
Target group
(n) Nhãm ®èi t-îng (i.e. a group of people that a programme or project
intends to
benefit).
Targeting (n)
Sù x¸c ®Þnh ®èi t-îng, ®Þnh h-íng (e.g. good ~ : X¸c ®Þnh ®óng ®èi
t-îng, ®Þnh
h-íng ®óng; geographic and ethnic ~ of poverty alleviation programmes:
H-íng môc tiªu
c¸c ch-¬ng tr×nh xo¸ ®ãi gi¶m nghÌo vµo vïng l·nh thæ vµ d©n téc thiÓu
sè).
Tariff (n) ThuÕ
quan. ~ barrrier: Hµng rµo thuÕ quan; ~ cuts: C¾t gi¶m thuÕ quan;
~ schedule:
BiÓu thuÕ quan.
Tax (n) ThuÕ.
Hence, To tax (v) §¸nh thuÕ and Taxation (n) ViÖc ®¸nh thuÕ.
Tax base (n)
DiÖn thuÕ.
Tax bracket (n)
Khung thuÕ suÊt.
Tax evasion (n)
Trèn thuÕ.
Tax exemption
(n) MiÔn thuÕ.
Tax holiday (n)
Thêi gian miÔn hoÆc gi¶m thuÕ.
Tax incentive
(n) KhuyÕn khÝch qua thuÕ.
Tax rate (n)
ThuÕ suÊt.
Tax refund (n)
Kho¶n thuÕ ®-îc hoµn l¹i.
Tax relief (n)
Gi¶m thuÕ.
Tax revenue (n)
Nguån thu tõ thuÕ.
Tax write-off
(n) Xo¸ thuÕ.
Team building
(n) X©y dùng tinh thÇn ®ång ®éi, tinh thÇn tËp thÓ (e.g. A ~ activity,
effort,
workshop).
Technical
assistance (n) Trî gióp kü thuËt. Free-standing ~ : Trî gióp kü thuËt ®éc lËp;
Investment-related
~ : Trî gióp kü thuËt hç trî ®Çu t-.
Technical
cooperation (n) Hîp t¸c kü thuËt.
Technical
cooperation among developing countries (TCDC): Hîp t¸c kü thuËt gi÷a
c¸c n-íc ®ang
ph¸t triÓn, lµ ph-¬ng thøc hîp t¸c ®-îc UNDP chñ tr-¬ng vµ khuyÕn
khÝch.
Technological
change (n) Thay ®æi c«ng nghÖ.
Technology (n)
C«ng nghÖ. Appropriate ~ : C«ng nghÖ thÝch hîp; Choice of ~ : Sù
lùa chän c«ng
nghÖ; Process ~ : C«ng nghÖ quy tr×nh s¶n xuÊt; Product ~ : C«ng nghÖ
lµm s¶n phÈm;
State-of-the art ~ : C«ng nghÖ t©n tiÕn nhÊt.
Technology
Achievement Index (n) ChØ sè vÒ thµnh tùu c«ng nghÖ (i.e. a composite
index to
measure how well a country is creating and diffusing technology as well as
building human
skills).
Technology
transfer (n) ChuyÓn giao c«ng nghÖ.
Tele-medicine
(n) Ch÷a bÖnh tõ xa.
Terms of
reference (n) §iÒu kho¶n tham chiÕu, ®iÒu kho¶n giao viÖc, ®Ò c-¬ng c«ng t¸c
(e.g. The ~ for
a consultant: §iÒu kho¶n giao viÖc cho chuyªn gia t- vÊn).
Terms of trade
(n) GÝa kÐo c¸nh, ®iÒu kiÖn th-¬ng m¹i. Domestic ~ : Gi¸ kÐo c¸nh
trong n-íc.
Test out (v)
Thö nghiÖm (e.g. To ~ a new development model: Thö nghiÖm mét m« h×nh
ph¸t triÓn
míi).
Thematic (adj)
Theo chuyªn ®Ò (e.g. ~ working groups: C¸c nhãm c«ng t¸c chuyªn ®Ò).
Hence, Theme
(n) Chuyªn ®Ò.
Think - tank
(n) C¬ quan tham m-u, tæ chøc t- vÊn (e.g. The Central Institute of
Economic
Management is an important ~ of the Party and Government in Viet Nam).
Tied aid: ViÖn
trî cã ®iÒu kiÖn (i.e. official aid for which the procurement of associated
goods or
services is limited to the donor country or to a group of countries which does
not include
substantially all developing countries).
Time-bound
(adj) Cã thêi h¹n (e.g. All development projects are ~ ).
Time-frame (n)
Khung thêi gian (Also Time scale).
Top-down (adj)
Tõ trªn xuèng, kh¸c víi Bottom-up (e.g. A ~ approach: C¸ch tiÕp cËn
¸p ®Æt tõ trªn
xuèng).
Tourism (n) Du
lÞch. Cultural ~ : Du lÞch v¨n ho¸; Eco-tourism: Du lÞch sinh th¸i, cßn
gäi lµ Green
tourism Du lÞch xanh; Heritage-based ~ : Du lÞch di s¶n; Nature-based ~
: Du lÞch thiªn
nhiªn; Sustainable ~ : Du lÞch bÒn v÷ng.
Trade (n)
Th-¬ng m¹i. ~ agreement: HiÖp ®Þnh th-¬ng m¹i; ~ barriers: Hµng rµo
th-¬ng m¹i; ~
in goods and services: Bu«n b¸n hµng ho¸ vµ dÞch vô.
Trade expansion
(n) Më réng th-¬ng m¹i.
Trade
facilitation (n) ThuËn lîi ho¸ th-¬ng m¹i.
Trade
liberalization (n) Tù do ho¸ th-¬ng m¹i (i.e. reduction and/or removal of
taxes,
tariffs or
other barriers on a country's exports and imports).
Trade promotion
(n) Xóc tiÕn th-¬ng m¹i.
Trade related
(adj) Liªn quan ®Õn th-¬ng m¹i. ~ agreement: HiÖp ®Þnh liªn quan ®Õn
th-¬ng m¹i; ~
intellectual property rights (TRIPS): QuyÒn së h÷u trÝ tuÖ liªn quan
®Õn th-¬ng m¹i.
Trade-off (n)
Sù ®¸nh ®æi, sù c©n ®èi, sù tho¶ hiÖp (i.e. opportunity cost of selecting one
alternative
rather than another; e.g. the ~ between economic growth and economic
equity: Sù ®¸nh
®æi gi÷a t¨ng tr-ëng kinh tÕ vµ b×nh ®¼ng kinh tÕ).
Trading system
(n) HÖ thèng th-¬ng m¹i. Global ~ : HÖ thèng th-¬ng m¹i toµn cÇu;
Multilateral ~
: HÖ thèng th-¬ng m¹i ®a ph-¬ng; Rule-based ~ : HÖ thèng th-¬ng m¹i
dùa vµo luËt
lÖ.
Traditional
(adj) Thuéc vÒ truyÒn thèng. ~ intensive agriculture: N«ng nghiÖp th©m
canh truyÒn
thèng; ~ medicine: Y häc truyÒn thèng, y häc cæ truyÒn; ~ subsistence
agriculture:
N«ng nghiÖp tù tóc tù cÊp truyÒn thèng; ~ values: C¸c gi¸ trÞ truyÒn
thèng.
Trafficking (b)
Bu«n lËu. Drug ~ : Bu«n b¸n ma tuý; Wildlife ~ : Bu«n b¸n ®éng vËt
hoang d·; Human
~ : Bu«n b¸n ng-êi; ~ in women and children: Bu«n b¸n phô n÷ vµ
trÎ em.
Trained workers
(n) Lao ®éng ®· qua ®µo t¹o tay nghÒ.
Transaction
costs (n) Chi phÝ giao dÞch (i.e. the full costs of making an exchange; e.g.
The ~ in aid
delivery in Viet Nam: Chi phÝ giao dÞch trong viÖc thùc hiÖn viÖn trî t¹i ViÖt
Nam).
Transfer of
Knowledge through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN): ChuyÓn giao tri
thøc th«ng qua
kiÒu d©n, lµ ph-¬ng thøc chuyÓn giao tri thøc ®-îc UNDP chñ tr-¬ng vµ
khuyÕn khÝch.
Transfer of
kowledge (n) ChuyÓn giao tri thøc.
Transition (n)
Sù chuyÓn ®æi (e.g. The ~ from a centrally planned economy to a market-
based economy).
In transition: Trong giai ®o¹n chuyÓn ®æi (e.g. an economy ~ : NÒn
kinh tÕ trong
giai ®o¹n chuyÓn ®æi).
Transitional
(adj) Thuéc vÒ giai ®o¹n chuyÓn ®æi, qu¸ ®é. During the ~ period: Trong
giai ®o¹n
chuyÓn ®æi, trong giai ®o¹n qu¸ ®é.
Translate (v)
ChuyÓn ho¸ (e.g. To ~ a political commitment into real action: BiÕn cam
kÕt chÝnh trÞ
thµnh hµnh ®éng thùc tÕ).
Transparency
(n) Sù râ rµng, minh b¹ch (i.e. sharing information and acting in an open
manner; e.g. ~
in procurement, recruitment practices). Hence, transparent (adj) Râ
rµng, minh
b¹ch.
Triangulation
(n) Ph-¬ng ph¸p kiÓm tra chÐo (i.e. a technique of verifying information
by obtaining
data from one source and cross-checking it with another or by oneself).
Trickle down
(v) Ch¶y nhá giät. Trickle-down effect (n) HiÖu øng nhá giät.
Tripartism (n)
Mèi quan hÖ ba bªn (e.g. The ~ between the employer, employee and the
State: Mèi quan
hÖ ba bªn gi÷a ng-êi sö dông lao ®éng, ng-êi lao ®éng vµ Nhµ n-íc).
Tripartite
(adj) Ba bªn (e.g. A ~ review meeting: Cuéc häp kiÓm ®iÓm ba bªn, tøc lµ
gi÷a C¬ quan
®iÒu hµnh dù ¸n, ChÝnh phñ tiÕp nhËn dù ¸n vµ C¬ quan tµi trî dù ¸n). The
~ nature in
labour relations: B¶n chÊt ba bªn trong quan hÖ lao ®éng.
Trust fund (n)
Quü ñy th¸c (financial contributions which are made by a donor to a UN
Agency to
support development activities identified by the donor itself in line with the
policies and
objectives of the UN Agency and which are often channeled through a
specific
project). Xem thªm Co-financing.
Twenty/twenty
Initiative (n) S¸ng kiÕn 20/20 (i.e. an initiative adopted by the 1995
Social
Development Summit, whereby governments of donor countries and recipient
countries
agreed to devote at least 20% of their ODA resources and government budgets
respectively to
basic social services).
Two-envelope
system (n) ChÕ ®é nép thÇu hai phong b× (i.e. the tendering system
whereby a
bidder submits its technical proposal and financial proposal in two separate
sealed
envelopes).
Two-tier (adj)
Hai cÊp. ~ banking system: HÖ thèng ng©n hµng hai cÊp; ~ market:
ThÞ tr-êng hai
cÊp; ~ pricing policy: ChÝnh s¸ch gi¸ hai cÊp.
Typhoon-prone
(adj) Hay bÞ b·o (e.g. Viet Nam is a highly ~ country).
U
Umbrella
agreement (n) Tho¶ thuËn khung, hiÖp ®Þnh khung (i.e. a general agreement
between a donor
and a recipient government, covering broad conditions relating to the
provision of
ODA, including the administration and responsibilities of both parties).
Umbrella
project (n) Dù ¸n dï, dù ¸n khung (i.e. a project that encompasses activities
of limited
scope and duration that cannot be incorporated into existing projects and for
which the
formulation of a stand-alone project is unwarranted).
Unaffordability
(n) Kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng chi tr¶, kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng thanh to¸n.
Unaffordable (adj)
Kh«ng thÓ chi tr¶, kh«ng thÓ thanh to¸n (e.g. The high costs of
basic social
services are ~ to the poor).
Underdeveloped
(adj) ChËm ph¸t triÓn, kÐm ph¸t triÓn (e.g. An ~ country).
Underdevelopment
(n) (Sù) t×nh tr¹ng chËm ph¸t triÓn, kÐm ph¸t triÓn (e.g. The ~ of
most African
countries).
Underemployment
(n) (T×nh tr¹ng) thiÕu viÖc lµm.
Undernourished
(adj) ThiÕu dinh d-ìng (e.g. ~ children of the rural poor).
Undernourishment
(n) (Sù) t×nh tr¹ng thiÕu dinh d-ìng.
Undernutrition
(n) (T×nh tr¹ng) thiÕu dinh d-ìng.
Underweight (n
or adj) ThiÕu c©n. ~ children: TrÎ em thiÕu c©n.
Unemployed
(adj) ThÊt nghiÖp (e.g. ~ people). The unemployed: Nh÷ng ng-êi thÊt
nghiÖp, cßn
®-îc gäi lµ The jobless.
Unemployment
(n) T×nh tr¹ng thÊt nghiÖp. Disguised ~ : T×nh tr¹ng thÊt nghiÖp ®-îc
che ®Ëy;
Frictional ~ : T×nh tr¹ng thÊt nghiÖp dai d¼ng; Hidden ~ : ThÊt nghiÖp Èn;
Seasonal ~ :
ThÊt nghiÖp theo mïa vô; Structural ~ : ThÊt nghiÖp c¬ cÊu; ~ benefits:
Trî cÊp thÊt
nghiÖp.
United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF): Quü Nhi ®ång Liªn hîp quèc, ®-îc thµnh
lËp n¨m 1946.
UNICEF ho¹t ®éng ë c¸c n-íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn ®Ó hç trî cho trÎ em gÆp
ph¶i t×nh tr¹ng
nghÌo ®ãi, bÖnh tËt, thiÕu dinh d-ìng vµ thiÕu häc hµnh.
United Nations
development agencies: C¸c c¬ quan ph¸t triÓn cña Liªn hîp quèc, bao
gåm bèn tæ chøc
lµ Ch-¬ng tr×nh ph¸t triÓn LHQ, Quü nhi ®ång LHQ, Quü d©n sè LHQ
vµ Ch-¬ng tr×nh
l-¬ng thùc thÕ giíi.
United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP): Ch-¬ng tr×nh Ph¸t triÓn Liªn hîp
quèc. UNDP ®-îc
thµnh lËp n¨m 1966, do s¸t nhËp Ch-¬ng tr×nh më réng vÒ viÖn trî kü
thuËt (1949) vµ
Quü ®Æc biÖt cña LHQ (1958). Lµ c¬ quan tµi trî hîp t¸c kü thuËt lín
nhÊt trong HÖ
thèng LHQ, t«n chØ cña UNDP lµ hç trî c¸c n-íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn trong
viÖc t¨ng c-êng
n¨ng lùc vµ ph¸t triÓn thÓ chÕ, nh»m ph¸t triÓn con ng-êi bÒn v÷ng vµ
xo¸ ®ãi nghÌo.
United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): Tæ
chøc V¨n ho¸,
Khoa häc vµ Gi¸o dôc Liªn hîp quèc. §-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1946, t«n chØ
cña UNESCO lµ
xóc tiÕn hîp t¸c quèc tÕ vÒ gi¸o dôc, khoa häc vµ v¨n ho¸.
United Nations
Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA): Quü (Ho¹t ®éng) D©n sè
Liªn hîp quèc.
§-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1969, UNFPA gióp c¸c n-íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn t¨ng
c-êng n¨ng lùc nh»m
®¸p øng c¸c nhu cÇu vÒ d©n sè vµ ph¸t triÓn, n©ng cao nhËn thøc vÒ
c¸c vÊn ®Ò d©n
sè vµ ph¸t triÓn, vµ khuyÕn khÝch c¸c ch-¬ng tr×nh vÒ d©n sè.
United Nations
High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR): Cao uû Liªn hîp quèc vÒ
Ng-êi tÞ n¹n.
§-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1950, tæn chØ cña UNHCR lµ xóc tiÕn vµ b¶o vÖ c¸c
quyÒn cña ng-êi
tÞ n¹n.
United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO): Tæ chøc Ph¸t triÓn
C«ng nghiÖp
Liªn hîp quèc. §-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1967, UNIDO lµ c¬ quan ®iÒu phèi c¸c
ho¹t ®éng ph¸t
triÓn c«ng nghiÖp cña Liªn hîp quèc vµ khuyÕn khÝch sù nghiÖp ph¸t
triÓn vµ hîp
t¸c c«ng nghiÖp trªn thÕ giíi.
United Nations
International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP): Ch-¬ng tr×nh
KiÓm so¸t Ma
tuý Quèc tÕ cña Liªn hîp quèc. §-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1991, t«n chØ cña
UNDCP lµ ®iÒu
phèi vµ h-íng dÉn tÊt c¶ c¸c ho¹t ®éng quèc tÕ vÒ phßng chèng vµ kiÓm
so¸t ma tuý.
United Nations
specialized agencies: C¸c c¬ quan chuyªn m«n cña Liªn hîp quèc, bao
gåm Tæ chøc
N«ng nghiÖp vµ L-¬ng thùc LHQ, Tæ chøc Ph¸t triÓn C«ng nghiÖp LHQ,
Tæ chøc V¨n
ho¸, Khoa häc vµ Gi¸o dôc LHQ, Tæ chøc Y tÕ ThÕ giíi, C¬ quan N¨ng
l-îng H¹t nh©n
Quèc tÕ vµ mét sè tæ chøc kh¸c.
United Nations
Volunteers (UNV) Ng-êi t×nh nguyÖn Liªn hîp quèc. UNV
Programme:
Ch-¬ng tr×nh Ng-êi t×nh nguyÖn LHQ.
United States
Agency for International Development (USAID): C¬ quan Ph¸t triÓn
Quèc tÕ Hoa Kú.
Unity (n) TÝnh
thèng nhÊt. Unity in diversity: Thèng nhÊt trong ®a d¹ng (e.g. To
maintain the ~
of ASEAN countries: Duy tr× sù thèng nhÊt trong ®a d¹ng cña c¸c n-íc
ASEAN).
Universal
access (n) Kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp cËn cho mäi ng-êi (E.g. ~ to basic social services:
Mäi ng-êi ®-îc
sö dông c¸c dÞch vô x· héi c¬ b¶n; ~ to clean water: Mäi ng-êi ®-îc sö
dông n-íc
s¹ch).
Universal Child
Immunization Programme (n) Ch-¬ng tr×nh tiªm chñng phæ cËp cho
trÎ em.
Universal
primary education (n) Phæ cËp gi¸o dôc cÊp mét hoÆc tiÓu häc.
Universalization
(n) (Sù) phæ cËp ho¸ (e.g. ~ of primary education: Phæ cËp gi¸o dôc
cÊp mét hoÆc
tiÓu häc).
Universalize
(n) Phæ cËp ho¸ (e.g. To ~ primary education, child immunization).
Unpaid labour
(n) Lao ®éng kh«ng ®-îc tr¶ c«ng (i.e. work that produces goods or
services but is
unremunerated, including domestic labour, subsistence production and the
unpaid
production of items for markets. This should however not be confused with the
“unpaid family
labour").
Unskilled
labour (n) Lao ®éng kh«ng lµnh nghÒ, lao ®éng ch-a qua ®µo t¹o.
Unsustainability
(n) Kh«ng cã tÝnh bÒn v÷ng (e.g. the ~ of slash-and-burn farming
practices).
Unsustainable
(adj) Kh«ng mang tÝnh bÒn v÷ng (e.g. ~ coal mining practices).
Untapped
resources (n) C¸c nguån lùc ch-a ®-îc khai th¸c.
Untie (v) Xãa
bá ®iÒu kiÖn (i.e. To ~ aid Xo¸ bá ®iÒu kiÖn viÖn trî).
Untied aid (n)
ViÖn trî v« ®iÒu kiÖn (i.e. official aid for which the associated goods and
services may be
fully and freely procured in substantially all countries).
Untying (n) Sù
xo¸ bá ®iÒu kiÖn (e.g. the ~ of aid to least developed countries).
Update (v) CËp
nhËt (e.g. To ~ a workplan: CËp nhËt kÕ ho¹ch c«ng t¸c).
Upstream (adj)
ë cÊp vÜ m«, ®Çu nguån, kh¸c víi Downstream (e.g. ~ aid activities:
C¸c ho¹t ®éng
viÖn trî ë cÊp vÜ m«; ~ interventions: Nh÷ng biÖn ph¸p can thiÖp ®Çu
nguån).
Urban (adj)
Thuéc vÒ ®« thÞ. ~ ecosystem: HÖ sinh th¸i ®« thÞ; ~ environment: M«i
tr-êng ®« thÞ;
~ pollution: ¤ nhiÔm ®« thÞ; ~ - rural migration: Di d©n tõ thµnh thÞ vÒ
n«ng th«n.
Urban
management (n) Qu¶n lý ®« thÞ.
Urban planning
(n) Quy ho¹ch ®« thÞ.
Urbanization (n)
§« thÞ ho¸. Pressures of ~ : Søc Ðp cña qu¸ tr×nh ®« thÞ ho¸.
User charge,
fee (n) PhÝ sö dông (i.e. direct payment by the consumer of goods and
services
provided by the public sector to the private sector).
User pays
principle (n) Nguyªn t¾c ng-êi sö dông ph¶i tr¶ phÝ. This principle applies
the Polluter
Pays Principle more broadly so that the cost of a resource to a user includes
all the
environmental costs associated with its extraction, transformation and use,
including the
costs of alternative or future uses foregone.
User-friendly
(adj) TiÖn lîi cho ng-êi sö dông (e.g. A ~ piece of equipment: Mét thiÕt
bÞ tiÖn lîi cho
ng-êi sö dông. Hence, user-friendliness.
V
Vaccination (n)
Tiªm phßng (e.g. ~ against diphtheria, tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis
and
tuberculosis: Tiªm phßng c¸c bÖnh b¹ch hÇu, uèn v¸n, sëi, b¹i liÖt vµ ho lao).
Valuation (n)
§Þnh gi¸. Asset ~ : §Þnh gi¸ tµi s¶n.
Value (n) Gi¸
trÞ. Cultural ~ s: C¸c gi¸ trÞ v¨n ho¸; Traditional ~ s: C¸c gi¸ trÞ truyÒn
thèng; ~ for
money: TiÒn nµo, cña nÊy.
Value added (n)
Gi¸ trÞ gia t¨ng (i.e. the difference between the total revenue and the
cost of
bought-in raw materials, services and components; it measures the value that a
firm has
"added" to these items in the process of production). Value Added
Tax: ThuÕ
gi¸ trÞ gia
t¨ng;
Verifiable
(adj) Cã thÓ kiÓm chøng (e.g. A ~ impact: T¸c ®éng cã thÓ kiÓm chøng ®-îc).
Verifier (or
means of verification) (n) C«ng cô, c¸ch thøc ®Ó kiÓm chøng (i.e. data or
information to
verify progress using certain indicators in logical framework analysis).
Viable (adj) Cã
thÓ ®øng v÷ng, cã hiÖu qu¶ (e.g. The project will be financially ~ ).
Hence,
Viability (n) Kh¶ n¨ng ®øng v÷ng ®-îc, kh¶ n¨ng cã hiÖu qu¶.
Violence (n)
B¹o lùc. ~ against women: Sö dông b¹o lùc ®èi víi phô n÷; Domestic ~
against women:
Sö dông b¹o lùc ®èi víi phô n÷ trong gia ®×nh.
Virtual (adj)
¶o, ¶o ¶nh. A global ~ team: Nhãm lµm viÖc ¶o toµn cÇu (i.e. a
temporary,
culturally diverse, geographically dispersed and electronically group which
works together
and interacts with each other through the internet)
Vision (n) TÇm
nh×n, i.e. the desirable future of an organization. (e.g. The 2020 Vision of
ASEAN: TÇm nh×n
n¨m 2020 cña ASEAN). A long-term ~ : TÇm nh×n dµi h¹n; A short-
term ~ : TÇm
nh×n ng¾n h¹n.
Voluntary (adj)
Tù nguyÖn. ~ compliance: Tu©n thñ tù nguyÖn (e.g. ~ with
environmental
protection standards). ~ repatriation: Håi h-¬ng tù nguyÖn (e.g. the ~ of
Vietnamese
“boat people” from Hong Kong).
Voluntary
contributions (n) §ãng gãp tù nguyÖn; ~ lµ ®ãng gãp cña c¸c n-íc tµi trî
vµo nguån ng©n
s¸ch th-êng xuyªn cña c¸c tæ chøc thuéc LHQ. Xem thªm Core
resources.
Vulnerable
(adj) DÔ bÞ x©m h¹i, dÔ bÞ tæn th-¬ng, dÔ bÞ t¸c ®éng bëi ngo¹i c¶nh. ~
groups: C¸c
nhãm d©n c- dÔ bÞ x©m h¹i, vÝ dô trÎ em, phô n÷, ng-êi giµ, ng-êi tµn tËt.
Hence,
Vulnerability (n) T×nh tr¹ng dÔ bÞ x©m h¹i, dÔ bÞ tæn th-¬ng, dÔ bÞ t¸c ®éng
bëi
ngo¹i c¶nh
(i.e. the condition of being exposed to great risks, economically, physically
or socially. In
poverty context, ~ is not only being exposed to high risksbut also implies
not having
sufficient means to cope with such risks).
W
Waive (v) Linh
®éng, bá qua, miÔn ®Êu thÇu (e.g. To ~ a procurement contract: MiÔn
®Êu thÇu ®èi
víi mét hîp ®ång mua s¾m).
Waiver (n) Sù
linh ®éng, sù bá qua, sù miÔn ®Êu thÇu (e.g. A ~ has been recommended
for the
contract).
Warming (n) Lµm
nãng lªn. Global ~ : HiÖn t-îng nãng lªn cña tr¸i ®Êt.
Warning (n)
C¶nh b¸o, c¶nh c¸o. Early ~ system: HÖ thèng c¶nh b¸o sím (phôc vô
phßng chèng
thiªn tai, qu¶n lý m«i tr-êng); ~ signal: TÝn hiÖu c¶nh b¸o, tÝn hiÖu c¶nh
c¸o.
Waste (n) R¸c
th¶i; l·ng phÝ. Hazardous ~ : ChÊt th¶i ®éc h¹i; Radioactive ~ : ChÊt
th¶i phãng x¹;
Solid ~ : ChÊt th¶i r¾n;
Waste disposal
and treatment (n) Thu gom vµ xö lý r¸c th¶i.
Waste
management and minimization (n) Qu¶n lý vµ gi¶m thiÓu r¸c th¶i.
Waste of public
resources (n) L·ng phÝ cña c«ng.
Waste recycling
(n) T¸i sinh chÊt th¶i.
Waste water (n)
N-íc th¶i.
Water pollution
(n) ¤ nhiÔm n-íc.
Water resources
(n) Nguån n-íc, nguån tµi nguyªn n-íc.
Water-borne
diseases (n) C¸c bÖnh truyÒn theo n-íc.
Watershed (n)
Rõng ®Çu nguån (i.e. a topographically delineated area that is drained by
a stream system).
Watershed
management (n) Qu¶n lý rõng ®Çu nguån.
Wealth ranking
(n) Ph©n lo¹i møc giµu cã, ph©n lo¹i ng-êi giµu.
Weigh (v) C©n
nh¾c (e.g. To ~ the overall costs and benefits of a project: C©n nh¾c toµn
bé chi phÝ vµ
lîi Ých cña dù ¸n).
Weight (n)
Träng l-îng, träng sè.
Weightless
economy (n) NÒn kinh tÕ kh«ng träng l-îng (i.e. an economy that focuses on
the use of
knowledge).
Welfare (n)
Phóc lîi. Social ~ : Phóc lîi x· héi.
Welfare economy
(n) NÒn kinh tÕ phóc lîi.
Welfare
economics (n) Kinh tÕ häc phóc lîi (i.e. that branch of economics which is
concerned with
normative issues such as economic efficiency, resource allocation and
social
welfare).
Welfare
payments (n) C¸c kho¶n tiÒn tr¶ phóc lîi.
Welfare State
(n) Nhµ n-íc phóc lîi.
Well-being (n)
An sinh (e.g. The ~ of the working people).
Well-defined
(adj) X¸c ®Þnh râ rµng, ®Þnh nghÜa râ rµng (e.g. The objectives of the
project are ~
).
Well-off (adj)
Kh¸ gi¶ (e.g. ~ people, regions of the country: Nh÷ng ng-êi, nh÷ng vïng
kh¸ gi¶ trong
n-íc).
Wetland (n)
Vïng ®Êt ngËp n-íc. Coastal ~ : Vïng ®Êt ngËp mÆn ven biÓn;
~ management:
Qu¶n lý c¸c vïng ®Êt ngËp n-íc.
Why in my
backyard: T¹i sao l¹i qu¼ng vµo v-ên nhµ t«i (i.e. the question of why
hazardous
activities and substances are placed in a particular location).
Wilderness area
(n) Khu b¶o tån tÝnh hoang d·.
Wildlife (n)
§êi sèng hoang d·, ®éng vËt hoang d·. ~ management: Qu¶n lý ®éng vËt
hoang d·.
Winning
strategy (n) ChiÕn l-îc dÉn ®Õn thµnh c«ng, chiÕn l-îc b¶o ®¶m thµnh c«ng.
Win-win (adj)
Cã lîi cho tÊt c¶ c¸c bªn. A ~ solution: Gi¶i ph¸p cã lîi cho tÊt c¶ c¸c
bªn.
Woman (n) Ng-êi
phô n÷. Convention on the Elimination of All forms of
Discrimination
against Women: C«ng -íc vÒ xo¸ bá mäi h×nh thøc ph©n biÖt ®èi xö
víi phô n÷.
Women in
child-bearing age (n) Phô n÷ trong tuæi sinh ®Î.
Women in
development (WID): Phô n÷ trong ph¸t triÓn (i.e. an approach developed in
the 1970’s,
aimed at designing policies and actions to integrate women fully into
development
activities). Xem thªm Gender and Development.
Women-headed
household (n) Hé do phô n÷ lµm chñ hé. Xem thªm Household.
Work (n) Lao
®éng; ~ environment: M«i tr-êng lµm viÖc; ~ place: N¬i lµm viÖc.
Working age (n)
Tuæi lao ®éng (i.e. 15 - 60 tuæi ®èi víi nam giíi; 15 - 55 tuæi ®èi víi
phô n÷).
Population in ~ : D©n c- trong ®é tuæi lao ®éng.
Workload (n)
Khèi l-îng c«ng viÖc (e.g. He has a heavy ~ ).
Workshop (n)
Líp tËp huÊn, héi th¶o.
World Bank
(WB): Ng©n hµng ThÕ giíi. WB lµ mét nhãm gåm 5 tæ chøc tµi chÝnh quèc
tÕ lµ:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Ng©n hµng Quèc tÕ vÒ
T¸i thiÕt vµ
Ph¸t triÓn; International Development Association HiÖp héi Ph¸t triÓn
Quèc tÕ;
International Finance Corporation C«ng ty Tµi chÝnh Quèc tÕ; Multilateral
Investment
Guarantee Agency C¬ quan B¶o hiÓm §Çu t- §a ph-¬ng; vµ
vÒ Gi¶i quyÕt
Tranh chÊp §Çu t-. §-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1945, t«n chØ chung cña Nhãm
Ng©n hµng ThÕ
giíi lµ gãp phÇn n©ng cao møc sèng cña c¸c n-íc ®ang ph¸t triÓn, b»ng
c¸ch chuyÓn mét
phÇn nguån lùc tõ c¸c n-íc giµu sang c¸c n-íc nghÌo.
World
Environment Day (n) Ngµy m«i tr-êng thÕ giíi (i.e. 5 June each year, the day
adopted by the
UN Conference on Human Environment in 1972, as an annual means of
focusing
attention on national and world environmental problems).
World Food
Programme (WFP): Ch-¬ng tr×nh L-¬ng thùc ThÕ giíi. §-îc thµnh lËp
n¨m 1961 nh-
khuyÕn khÝch
ph¸t triÓn kinh tÕ th«ng qua viÖn trî l-¬ng thùc vµ cøu trî khÈn cÊp. WFP
ho¹t ®éng nh»m
kh¾c phôc c¸c t×nh huèng khÈn cÊp do thiÕu l-¬ng thùc, ®ång thêi hç trî
cho c¸c dù ¸n
khai hoang vµ thñy lîi.
World Health
Organization (WHO): Tæ chøc Y tÕ ThÕ giíi, ®-îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1948.
T«n chØ cña WHO
lµ hîp t¸c víi c¸c n-íc nh»m t¨ng c-êng c¸c dÞch vô y tÕ; hç trî viÖc
kiÓm so¸t bÖnh
dÞch vµ bÖnh l©y lan; hç trî viÖc c¶i thiÖn dinh d-ìng, vÖ sinh vµ søc
khoÎ m«i
tr-êng; hç trî nghiªn cøu øng dông, x©y dùng c¸c tiªu chuÈn vµ n©ng cao nhËn
thøc vÒ søc
khoÎ vµ y tÕ
World Heritage
List (n) Danh môc C¸c di s¶n ThÕ giíi (i.e. a list created by the
Convention for
the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and
administered by
UNESCO).
World Poverty
Day (n) Ngµy thÕ giíi xo¸ ®ãi, gi¶m nghÌo (i.e. 17 October each year).
World Trade
Organization (WTO): Tæ chøc Th-¬ng m¹i ThÕ giíi. §-îc thµnh lËp
n¨m 1995, WTO
kÕ thõa HiÖp ®Þnh chung vÒ ThuÕ quan vµ MËu dÞch (GATT) vµ lµ tæ
chøc quèc tÕ
duy nhÊt xö lý c¸c quy chÕ toµn cÇu vÒ th-¬ng m¹i gi÷a c¸c n-íc.
Worse off (adj)
Trë nªn nghÌo ®ãi h¬n (e.g. ~ regions, groups in the country).
Wrap-up meeting
(n) Cuéc häp tæng kÕt.
SELECTED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS, REPORTS
AND MANUALS
A Study on Aid
to the Environment Sector in Viet
Nam
1999.
Aid Transaction
Costs in Viet Nam, A. Fozzard, A. Brown & F. Naschold, Dec. 2000.
Assessing Aid –
What Works, What Doesn’t And Why, World Bank, Washington, 1998.
Catching up,
United Nations, Ha Noi, October 1996.
Completion of Viet Nam
Noi, March
1999.
Expanding
Choices for the Rural Poor, UNDP, Ha Noi, December 1998.
Gender Briefing
Kits, UNDP, Hanoi
Governance for
Sustainable Human Development, UNDP, New
York
Human
Development Reports, UNDP, New York
Kinh tÕ tri
thøc - Nh÷ng kh¸i niÖm & vÊn ®Ò c¬ b¶n, §Æng Méng L©n, NXB Thanh Niªn,
Hµ Néi, 2002.
Living
Standards During an Economic Boom - The Case of Viet Nam (bilingual), UNDP
& GSO,
Statistical Publishing House, Ha Noi, December 2001.
Looking Ahead –
A Common Country Assessment, United Nations, Ha Noi, Dec. 1999.
Overview of ODA
in Viet Nam
Partnership – A
Review of 20 Years of Cooperation, United Nations, Ha Noi, Sept. 1997.
Proceedings of
the First Training Workshop on EIA (bilingual), National Center
Natural Science
and Technology, Tien Bo Printing House, Ha Noi, December 1997.
Programming
Manual, UNDP, New York
Programme and
Projects Manual, UNDP, New York
Results of
Population Projections in Viet Nam 1999-2004, GSO, VIE/97/914, Ha Noi,
2000.
Results-Oriented
Monitoring and Evaluation, UNDP, New
York
Review of
Technical Cooperation in Viet
Nam
Tien, Hanoi
Social Services
in Viet Nam
Some Lessons
Learned in Supporting the Transition from Poverty to Prosperity, UNDP,
Ha Noi,
September 1997.
United Nations
Development Assistance Framework, United Nations, Ha Noi, 1998 &
2000.
2000.
World
Development Report – Knowledge for Development, Workd Bank, 1998-1999
GLOSSARIES AND
DICTIONARIES
Administration
Dictionary, Doan Trong Truyen & Colleagues, VIE/92/002, Hanoi
Dictionary of
Environment and Sustainable Development, Alan Gilpen, John Wiley &
Sons, New York
Dictionary of
Modern Economics, Ed. D. W. Pearce, MacMillan Press Ltd., London
1992.
English -
Vietnamese Economic - Financial Glossary, Bui The Giang, Dang The Truyen
&
Colleagues, World Publishing House, Ha Noi, October 1997.
Glossary of
Agriculture, Environment and Sustainable Development, Bulletin 661,
Glossary of Key
Development Terms and Concepts, DAC/OECD,
http://www.oecd.org.dac/
Glossary
Related to Public Expenditure Management by Mr Emmanuel Cuvillier, Chief
Technical
Advisor of UNDP-funded project VIE/96/028.
English –
Vietnamese Glossary on Natural Resources Management for Uplands,
Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha noi, 2001.
HIV/AIDS
Lexicon, National AIDS Committee & UNDP, World Publishing House, Ha
Noi, 1998.
Macrothesaurus
for Information Processing in the Field of Economic and Social
Development,
5th edition, United Nations & OECD, Paris, 1998.
Terminology,
Bulletin No. 348 on Women’s Issues, United Nations, New York
Tõ ®iÓn Anh -
ViÖt, ViÖn Ng«n ng÷ häc, NXB Thµnh phè Hå ChÝ Minh, 1993.
Tõ ®iÓn ®a d¹ng
sinh häc vµ Ph¸t triÓn bÒn v÷ng (Anh - ViÖt), Bé Khoa häc, C«ng nghÖ
& M«i
tr-êng, NXB Khoa häc & Kü thuËt, Hµ Néi, 2001.
Tõ ®iÓn Kinh tÕ
häc HiÖn ®¹i, §H Kinh tÕ Quèc d©n, NXB ChÝnh trÞ Quèc gia, Hµ Néi,
1999.
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